The human gut is home to trillions of microorganisms, collectively known as the gut microbiome. This complex ecosystem plays a far more important role in health than was understood even a decade ago, influencing digestion, immune function, mood, and metabolic health.

Probiotics are specific strains of live bacteria and yeasts that have been shown to benefit health. Not all bacteria are the same, and different strains have different effects. The most well-researched genera are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, which are native residents of a healthy gut.

Modern factors such as antibiotic use, stress, processed food, and environmental exposures can disrupt the gut microbiome. Probiotic supplementation supports the restoration and maintenance of a balanced microbial community, which in turn supports overall well-being.

Probiotics are live beneficial microorganisms that, when consumed in adequate amounts, support a healthy gut microbiome. They play an important role in digestive comfort, immune regulation, and the overall balance of the gut ecosystem. We use well-researched strains from the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium families, which have the strongest evidence base for digestive and immune health.

Vitamin A is actually a group of fat-soluble compounds that includes retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid (collectively called retinoids) and provitamin A carotenoids like beta-carotene. Retinol is the most active form and is found in animal foods such as liver, fish oils, eggs, and dairy products. Beta-carotene, found in orange and dark green vegetables, is converted to retinol in the body as needed.

Vitamin A is stored in the liver, and the body maintains tight control over its levels. This means that while adequate intake is essential, excessive supplementation with preformed retinol can be harmful. The European upper limit for adults is 3,000 µg RAE (retinol activity equivalents) of preformed retinol per day (NIH ODS, 2025).

Beta-carotene from food is considered safe because the body only converts as much as it needs. However, supplemental beta-carotene at high doses has been associated with increased lung cancer risk in smokers (CARET trial), which is why sensible, balanced supplementation is important.

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for vision, immune function, skin health, and cell differentiation. It exists in two forms: preformed vitamin A (retinol, found in animal products) and provitamin A (beta-carotene, found in colourful fruits and vegetables). Adequate vitamin A supports the body's natural defence systems and the maintenance of healthy skin and mucous membranes.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that functions more like a hormone in the body. Unlike most vitamins, we can produce it ourselves when ultraviolet B (UVB) rays from sunlight reach our skin. However, at northern latitudes (above 54°N, which includes all of Denmark and Scandinavia), UVB radiation is insufficient for cutaneous D3 synthesis from October through March (Nordic Nutrition Recommendations, 2023).

This means that for roughly half the year, our bodies simply cannot make enough vitamin D from sunlight alone. The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration (Fødevarestyrelsen) recommends that all Danes supplement with vitamin D during the winter months, and that certain groups (including pregnant women, older adults, and those with darker skin) consider year-round supplementation.

We use vitamin D3 as cholecalciferol, the same form your body produces naturally. Cholecalciferol is converted in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcidiol), the form measured in blood tests, and then in the kidneys to its active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol). Research consistently shows that D3 is more effective at raising and maintaining blood levels than D2 (ergocalciferol).

Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) is often called the "sunshine vitamin" because our bodies produce it when skin is exposed to sunlight. It plays a fundamental role in calcium absorption, bone health, immune function, and mood regulation. For those of us living in Scandinavia and Northern Europe, where sunlight is limited for much of the year, supplementation is widely recommended by Nordic health authorities.

Vitamin E is a group of eight fat-soluble compounds, with alpha-tocopherol being the most biologically active form in humans. Unlike water-soluble antioxidants (like vitamin C), vitamin E specifically protects the fatty parts of cells, including cell membranes and lipoproteins, from oxidative damage.

Good dietary sources of vitamin E include nuts (particularly almonds and hazelnuts), seeds (especially sunflower seeds), vegetable oils, avocado, and leafy green vegetables. While severe deficiency is rare in developed countries, suboptimal levels are common, particularly among those with low-fat diets or conditions affecting fat absorption.

Research on vitamin E is nuanced. A 2014 meta-analysis (Abner et al., Cardiovascular Drugs & Therapy) found no effect of vitamin E supplementation (23-800 IU/day) on all-cause mortality in healthy people, which is reassuring from a safety perspective. The benefits of vitamin E are most clearly seen in specific contexts: inflammation, skin health, and hormonal support.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from oxidative damage. It plays an important role in immune function, skin health, and cellular protection. As a key defender of the body's lipid structures, vitamin E works alongside vitamin C to provide comprehensive antioxidant coverage.

Vitamin K exists in two main forms: K1 (phylloquinone), found in green leafy vegetables and primarily involved in blood clotting, and K2 (menaquinone), found in fermented foods and animal products, which plays a distinct role in calcium metabolism and cardiovascular health.

MK-7 is the most well-studied form of K2 and has a longer half-life than other forms, meaning it remains active in the body for longer and is effective at lower doses. It is naturally found in natto (a Japanese fermented soybean dish), some cheeses, and organ meats. However, these foods are not commonly consumed in Western diets, making supplementation a practical choice.

The key distinction between K1 and K2 is important: research consistently shows cardiovascular and bone benefits specifically for K2, while K1 shows no such association. The Rotterdam Study (2004) and the EPIC-NL study (2009) both confirmed that K2, not K1, was uniquely protective for heart health in large population studies.

Vitamin K2 (MK-7) is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in directing calcium to where it is needed (bones and teeth) and away from where it can cause harm (arteries and soft tissues). Often overlooked, K2 works synergistically with vitamin D3 and calcium to support both bone health and cardiovascular wellness.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin that humans cannot produce on their own, unlike most other mammals. This means we are entirely dependent on dietary intake or supplementation to meet our needs. Vitamin C is found in fruits and vegetables, with particularly high concentrations in citrus fruits, berries, peppers, broccoli, and leafy greens.

We chose acerola cherry as our vitamin C source because it is one of the richest natural sources of vitamin C, containing up to 50-100 times more vitamin C per weight than oranges. Beyond the vitamin C itself, acerola provides naturally occurring bioflavonoids, anthocyanins, and other plant compounds that may enhance absorption and provide additional antioxidant benefits.

Vitamin C is involved in a remarkably wide range of biological functions, from immune defence and collagen synthesis to iron absorption and neurotransmitter production. It is also one of the body's primary water-soluble antioxidants, protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals and environmental stressors.

Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant essential for immune function, collagen formation, and the protection of cells from oxidative stress. We use vitamin C derived from acerola cherry, a whole-food source that provides naturally occurring bioflavonoids alongside the vitamin C, which may support better absorption compared to synthetic ascorbic acid.

Thiamine was the first B vitamin to be identified, earning it the "B1" designation. It was discovered in the early 20th century through research into beriberi, a disease caused by thiamine deficiency that affects the cardiovascular and nervous systems.

Thiamine is found in whole grains, pork, legumes, nuts, and fortified cereals. It acts as a coenzyme (thiamine pyrophosphate, or TPP) in several key metabolic reactions, particularly those involved in converting carbohydrates to ATP (energy). The brain is particularly dependent on thiamine because it relies almost exclusively on glucose for fuel.

While severe deficiency (beriberi) is rare in modern diets, suboptimal thiamine status can occur with high alcohol intake, digestive disorders, or diets very high in refined carbohydrates.

Thiamine (Vitamin B1) is an essential water-soluble vitamin that plays a fundamental role in energy metabolism and nervous system function. It is the first B vitamin that was discovered, and it helps convert carbohydrates into energy, making it essential for every cell in the body, particularly the brain and heart.

Riboflavin gets its name from its chemical structure (a ribitol sugar attached to a flavin ring) and is characterised by its bright yellow colour, which is why it is sometimes used as a food colouring (E101). This same yellow colour is responsible for the bright yellow urine that can occur when taking B-complex supplements, which is harmless.

Found in dairy products, eggs, lean meats, green vegetables, and fortified grains, riboflavin is converted in the body to its active coenzyme forms: FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) and FMN (flavin mononucleotide). These coenzymes participate in dozens of metabolic reactions, making riboflavin essential for overall cellular function.

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) is an essential water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in energy production, cellular function, and the metabolism of fats, drugs, and steroids. It acts as a precursor to the coenzymes FAD and FMN, which are involved in numerous metabolic reactions including the electron transport chain that generates cellular energy.

Niacin exists in two main supplemental forms: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (niacinamide). Both are converted in the body to NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), one of the most important coenzymes in cellular metabolism. NAD is involved in over 400 enzymatic reactions, making it essential for virtually every metabolic process.

Niacin is found in poultry, fish, lean meats, nuts, legumes, and enriched grains. The body can also synthesise niacin from the amino acid tryptophan (approximately 60 mg of tryptophan produces 1 mg of niacin). Severe niacin deficiency causes pellagra, characterised by dermatitis, diarrhoea, and dementia, though this is rare in modern diets.

Niacin (Vitamin B3) is an essential water-soluble vitamin that plays a central role in energy metabolism. It is a precursor to NAD and NADP, two coenzymes involved in over 400 enzymatic reactions in the body. Niacin supports energy production, DNA repair, skin health, and nervous system function.

Vitamin B6 is a versatile water-soluble vitamin that exists in several forms, with pyridoxine hydrochloride being the most common supplemental form. It is found in a wide range of foods including poultry, fish, potatoes, chickpeas, bananas, and fortified cereals.

B6 is involved in an remarkably broad range of metabolic processes. It is a coenzyme for over 100 reactions, primarily in amino acid (protein) metabolism, but also in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, haemoglobin, and immune system components. This makes it one of the most functionally diverse of all the B vitamins.

Because B6 is water-soluble, the body does not store it in large amounts, and regular dietary intake or supplementation is needed. While severe deficiency is uncommon, suboptimal levels are relatively common and can affect mood, energy, and hormonal balance.

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is an essential water-soluble vitamin involved in over 100 enzyme reactions in the body. It is particularly important for protein metabolism, neurotransmitter production, immune function, and hormonal balance. B6 plays a central role in producing the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and GABA, making it key for mood and nervous system health.

Folate is the naturally occurring form of vitamin B9 found in foods such as dark leafy greens, legumes, citrus fruits, and fortified grains. Folic acid is the synthetic form used in supplements and food fortification. Both forms are converted in the body to the active metabolite 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), which participates in essential metabolic processes.

Folate is particularly important for any process involving cell division and growth, which is why needs increase during pregnancy, adolescence, and periods of rapid tissue growth. It also plays a central role in methylation, the biochemical process that regulates gene expression, neurotransmitter production, and detoxification.

In Denmark, unlike many other countries, there is no mandatory folic acid fortification of food, which means dietary intake and supplementation are the primary sources. This makes awareness of folate status particularly relevant for Danish women, especially those of childbearing age.

Folic acid (Vitamin B9) is essential for cell division, DNA synthesis, and the formation of red blood cells. It is perhaps best known for its critical role during pregnancy in preventing neural tube defects, but its benefits extend throughout life, supporting cognitive health, mood, and cardiovascular wellness through homocysteine metabolism.

The powerhouse of the B vitamin family, B12 (cobalamin), is a multi-talented nutrient with an array of functions essential for overall health and well-being. B12 was discovered in 1947 when scientists were searching for a treatment for pernicious anaemia, a disorder that results in too few red blood cells being produced. When B12 was isolated, it produced tiny, bright red crystals. This new compound was tested on a patient with pernicious anaemia, who was subsequently cured. Supplementation of B12 is still used for pernicious anaemia in this way today.

Vegans and vegetarians are at particular risk of having low B12 levels, since this essential vitamin is not present in many plant-based foods. Vitamin B12 is naturally found in animal products, including fish, meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy products such as milk and cheese. The absence of these foods in a vegan or vegetarian diet can lead to a deficiency, which may result in various health concerns such as fatigue, anaemia, nerve damage, and cognitive difficulties (Niklewicz et al., 2024; Pawlak et al., 2014).

Vegans can source vitamin B12 from specific plant-based options, fortified products, and supplementation. Fermented foods like tempeh, certain types of algae and seaweed, and some varieties of mushrooms have been identified as containing small amounts of B12. However, these sources may not provide sufficient quantities to meet daily requirements on their own, making supplementation a practical choice for many people.

Vitamin B12 (Methylcobalamin) is essential for energy production, nerve health, and red blood cell formation. It plays a vital role in converting food into energy and maintaining healthy neurological function. B12 is also crucial for DNA synthesis and helps prevent megaloblastic anaemia, a condition that can cause fatigue and weakness due to large, improperly formed red blood cells.

Biotin, also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H (from the German word "Haar" meaning hair), is a water-soluble vitamin that functions as a coenzyme in several important metabolic pathways. It is essential for the metabolism of fatty acids, amino acids, and glucose, making it a key player in how the body processes the food we eat.

Biotin is found in a wide variety of foods, including eggs (particularly the yolk), nuts, seeds, salmon, avocado, sweet potato, and whole grains. Biotin deficiency in the general population is rare, but certain factors can increase the risk: pregnancy, prolonged antibiotic use, excessive raw egg consumption (raw egg whites contain avidin, which binds biotin and prevents absorption), and smoking or alcohol use (Almohanna et al., 2019).

It is important to be transparent about what biotin can and cannot do. Research shows that biotin supplementation is most beneficial for those with an actual deficiency or specific conditions. For those with adequate biotin levels, additional supplementation may have limited visible effects on hair or skin.

Biotin (Vitamin B7) is a water-soluble B vitamin that supports the maintenance of normal hair, skin, and mucous membranes. It plays an important role in macronutrient metabolism, helping the body convert fats, carbohydrates, and proteins into energy. While biotin deficiency is relatively rare in the general population, certain groups may benefit from supplementation.

Pantothenic acid earned its name from its widespread presence in foods. It is found in meat, eggs, dairy, whole grains, legumes, avocados, and mushrooms. In the body, it is converted to coenzyme A (CoA), which participates in over 70 metabolic pathways.

CoA is essential for the citric acid cycle (energy production), fatty acid synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and the synthesis of steroid hormones, vitamin D, and haemoglobin. It also plays a role in acetylation reactions, which are important for gene regulation and detoxification.

Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) is an essential water-soluble vitamin found in virtually all foods, which is reflected in its name (from the Greek "pantos" meaning "everywhere"). It is a component of coenzyme A (CoA), one of the most important molecules in metabolism, essential for energy production, hormone synthesis, and the manufacture of fatty acids.

Calcium is a mineral that the body needs in relatively large amounts compared to trace minerals. The average adult body contains about 1 kg of calcium, with 99% found in bones and teeth, where it provides structural strength. The remaining 1% circulates in blood and tissues, where it performs critical functions in muscle contraction, nerve transmission, hormone secretion, and blood clotting.

Good dietary sources include dairy products (milk, cheese, yogurt), fortified plant milks, leafy greens (kale, broccoli), sardines with bones, and tofu set with calcium. Absorption is influenced by vitamin D status, and calcium works synergistically with vitamin D3 and vitamin K2 for optimal bone health.

A 2020 meta-analysis (Liu et al., Food & Function) found that combined calcium and vitamin D significantly increased total BMD, lumbar spine BMD, and femoral neck BMD, while reducing hip fracture incidence by approximately 14%. However, a Cochrane review (2023) noted that isolated calcium supplementation in healthy premenopausal women without bone disorders may have limited benefit, highlighting the importance of combining calcium with vitamin D and taking an individualised approach.

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body, with approximately 99% stored in bones and teeth. It is essential for bone structure, muscle function, nerve signalling, and blood clotting. Adequate calcium intake, particularly when combined with vitamin D and K2, supports lifelong bone health and helps reduce the risk of osteoporosis.

We use Dicalcium Phosphate as a dual-action source of calcium and phosphorus, two minerals essential for building and maintaining strong bones and teeth.

Iron is a trace mineral that the body needs in small but consistent amounts. It exists in two forms in food: haem iron (found in animal products like red meat, poultry, and fish) and non-haem iron (found in plant foods like legumes, leafy greens, and fortified cereals). Haem iron is more readily absorbed by the body, which is one reason why those following plant-based diets may be at greater risk of insufficiency.

Iron deficiency is remarkably common. The Global Burden of Disease data (2021) identified iron deficiency as the 5th most significant contributor to disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) among women of reproductive age. Women are disproportionately affected due to menstrual blood loss, pregnancy, and childbirth.

In Denmark and across Europe, iron deficiency without anaemia is often overlooked but can still cause significant symptoms including fatigue, poor concentration, and reduced exercise tolerance. The Danish Health Authority recognises the importance of adequate iron intake, particularly for women, pregnant individuals, and those with heavy menstrual periods.

Iron is an essential mineral that plays a central role in oxygen transport, energy production, and immune function. It is a key component of haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to every cell in the body. Iron deficiency is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies worldwide, particularly among women of reproductive age.

Magnesium citrate is one of the most widely available magnesium supplements. It combines magnesium with citric acid, which helps improve absorption compared to less bioavailable forms like magnesium oxide.

This form has a mild osmotic effect in the digestive tract, which means it draws water into the intestines. This property makes it useful for those who experience constipation, but may cause loose stools at higher doses in sensitive individuals.

Magnesium Citrate is magnesium bound to citric acid, one of the most commonly used and cost-effective forms of magnesium supplements. It has good bioavailability and is well-studied. Citrate form is particularly known for supporting digestive regularity alongside the broad benefits of magnesium.

Essential mineral for immune support, skin health, and metabolism

Zinc Citrate is a well-absorbed form of zinc bound to citric acid. It supports immune defence, skin health, hormonal balance, and hair and nail maintenance. Zinc citrate is a practical choice for general zinc supplementation, offering good bioavailability at an accessible price point.

Copper is a trace mineral found in organ meats, shellfish, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and dark chocolate. The body typically contains 50-120 mg of copper, with the highest concentrations in the liver, brain, heart, and kidneys.

Copper is a cofactor for several essential enzymes, including ceruloplasmin (iron transport), cytochrome c oxidase (cellular energy), and superoxide dismutase (antioxidant defence). While deficiency is uncommon, it can cause anaemia that does not respond to iron therapy, bone abnormalities, and neurological symptoms (Bost et al., 2016). We use copper glycinate, a chelated form for optimal absorption.

The EFSA Panel (2015) approved multiple health claims for copper, confirming its roles in energy metabolism, nervous system function, connective tissue maintenance, immune function, hair and skin pigmentation, iron transport, and protection from oxidative stress.

Copper is an essential trace mineral involved in energy production, connective tissue formation, iron metabolism, and nervous system function. It also contributes to normal hair and skin pigmentation. The body needs copper in very small amounts, but its roles are critical, particularly in supporting iron transport, immune function, and antioxidant defence.

We use Manganese Citrate Buffered for its high bioavailability and gentle nature on the digestive system. It is a key mineral for bone formation and metabolic processes.

Selenium is a trace mineral that the body needs in small amounts but cannot produce on its own. It functions primarily through selenoproteins, a family of proteins that incorporate selenium and carry out essential biological functions. The most well-known selenoproteins include the glutathione peroxidases (GPx), which protect cells from oxidative damage, and the thioredoxin reductases (TXNRD), which support immune cell function and cellular repair (Selenoprotein review, 2024).

Good dietary sources of selenium include Brazil nuts (the richest natural source), fish, shellfish, meat, eggs, and whole grains. However, selenium content in plant foods depends heavily on soil levels, which vary significantly by region. Northern European soils tend to be lower in selenium compared to other regions, making dietary intake less predictable.

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has set an upper limit of 255 µg per day for adults. At appropriate supplementation levels, selenium is safe and well-tolerated.

Selenium is an essential trace mineral with powerful antioxidant properties. It plays a vital role in thyroid health, immune function, and protecting cells from oxidative damage. The thyroid gland contains more selenium per gram of tissue than any other organ in the body, reflecting how important this mineral is for hormonal balance.

We use Chromium Picolinate for its superior bioavailability, that is easily absorbed and utilized by the body to support normal macronutrient metabolism.

We use Sodium Molybdate, a highly bioavailable form of molybdenum that helps your body efficiently utilize this essential mineral.

We use Potassium Iodine, a stable and well-absorbed form of iodine, this is an essential mineral for normal thyroid function and hormone production.