Magnesium Complex
30 days | 1 capsules per day
Energy
Muscles
Nerves
Bones
-
Change or cancel anytime, no binding
-
We adjust your formula based on how you feel
-
28 Biodegradable daily packs
-
Low-waste refill option
-
Personal food, lifestyle plans and more included
Your Personal Plan, Fairly Priced
Transparent, volume-based pricing that rewards you for building a complete plan.
Most supplement companies charge the same per product whether you buy one or ten. We think that's unfair — packaging, shipping, and handling costs are shared across your entire order.
How it works: The more products in your personalized plan, the lower the cost of each one. Shared costs like daily pouches, your dispenser box, and shipping are split across everything in your box.
No hidden fees. No inflated single-product pricing to make bundles look like deals. Just honest math.
How does this look in practice?
Packaging costs like your biodegradable pouches, dispenser box, and shipping are split across all products. Fewer products = higher cost each. More products = lower cost each. Simple.
We stand by our science — enjoy 90 days risk-free. Read more
MagnesiumComplex
3 capsule typically provides:
Per portion NRV*
Vitamin B6 - 1.4mg- 100% NRV*
Magnesium - 375mg- 100% NRV*
- Magnesium Bisglycinate - 180mg
- Magnesium Malate - 165mg
- Magnesium Taurine Chelate - 30mg
* = Nutrient Reference Value
Ingredients:
Magnesium Malate, Magnesium Bisglycinate, Capsule Shell: Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, Magnesium Taurine Chelate, Microcrystalline Cellulose 102, Magnesium Stearate, Silicon
Dioxide, Pyridoxine HCl (Vitamin B6).
Allergens
Allergy Advice:
Although rigorous precautions are taken to prevent any cross-contamination, this product is manufactured in a facility that handles allergy-based materials.
Cautions:
Always consult your health practitioner before taking nutritional supplements, especially if you are taking medication or are under medical supervision. Not recommended for children, pregnant or lactating women. You should not take supplements as a substitute for a varied balanced diet or healthy lifestyle. Store in a cool, dry & dark place, under 25 degrees, out of reach of children.
Directions:
Adults, take 1 capsule, 1 to 3 times per day.
Do not exceed recommended amount.
You can take 1-3 capsules with or without food, but many people prefer taking magnesium with a meal to support comfortable digestion. If you take more than one capsule per day, you can choose to take them together or spread them throughout the day, whatever feels best for your body.
You can take your capsules at any time of day. Some people like taking magnesium in the evening, while others prefer morning or midday. Choose the time that feels most natural in your routine. Consistency matters more than the exact timing.
We ship with all major carriers, including PostNord, DAO, GLS, and Bring, offering 1–2 business day delivery.
Orders are prepared and sent out within 24–48 hours.
Cost varies between DKK 39-52.00
Free Delivery on orders above DKK 500
*The delivery days count from the moment the carrier has received our package.
Europe
We also deliver throughout Europe using trusted partners like GLS and EcoParcel.
Delivery times vary by destination, between 4-15 business days, but we always send out our packages within 48 hours of receiving your order.
Cost varies by destination between €9-25.
Free Delivery on orders above €60.
*The delivery days count from the moment the carrier has received our package.
International
We currently do not ship outside of the European Union, however if you would like to place a order, contact us at hello@persona-path.com and we will try to assist you.
At PersonaPath, we believe in full transparency and doing things the right way—from how we formulate our supplements to how we treat the planet.
Our mission is to help people live healthier, more balanced lives, while respecting the world we all share.
Our products are manufactured in the UK, Germany, Slovenia and Latvia under strict quality standards and then packaged and prepared locally in Denmark, where we work closely with Fødevarestyrelsen (Danish Veterinary and Food Administration) to ensure everything meets national safety and labelling requirements.
We work exclusively with a BRC AA–certified manufacturer that follows Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and full traceability, from raw ingredients to finished product. All of our formulations are developed by a qualified nutritionist and are based strictly on EFSA-approved claims—with no inflated promises, ever.
We're also proud to take an ethical and sustainable approach. We never work with suppliers who test on animals or use harmful harvesting methods.
Sustainability is not a side project—it’s core to how we operate.
✔ All of our packaging is made from biodegradable materials, durable glass or recycled plastic
✔ We offset our shipping-related CO₂ emissions
✔ We’re partnered with Greenspark, supporting projects like:
– Reforestation
– Ocean plastic cleanup
– Carbon removal & kelp planting
– Fresh water access in vulnerable areas
– Supporting honeybee populations
We are proud to offer clean, honest supplements—made with care, backed by science, and delivered with respect for your health and the planet.
Sourcing
Our products are manufactured in the UK, Germany, Slovenia, and Latvia under strict quality standards, then packaged and prepared locally in Denmark.
We’ve also built a transparent ingredient section on our website, where you can explore every detail of what goes into our products — including the exact type of raw material, EFSA-approved health claims, ingredient origin, and documented benefits.
Supporting ingredients are also fully listed and explained — what they are, what they do, and why we include them. You can find this information under Ingredients → Supporting Ingredients, or directly on each product page by clicking on “Ingredients.”
Finally, our packaging materials are sourced from Germany, Poland, the UK, and Denmark, all produced to meet the highest European standards of safety and sustainability.
Donations
Giving Back Together
We’ve partnered with Greenspark to give back where it’s needed most — supporting meaningful environmental and social causes around the world. Each month, we dedicate a portion of our monthly revenue to a new project that creates real impact, from restoring forests and protecting marine ecosystems to supporting local communities.
You can always see the current month’s cause featured at the top of our website or on our social media channels. At the end of each month, we share full transparency — including donation receipts, details about the partner organization, and photos from the project locations — so you can see exactly where your support goes.
We’re proud that our community plays an active role in helping us make a difference. Every purchase contributes to something bigger — together, we’re building a healthier planet and a better future.
Nutritional Information
3 capsule typically provides:
Per portion NRV*
Vitamin B6 - 1.4mg- 100% NRV*
Magnesium - 375mg- 100% NRV*
- Magnesium Bisglycinate - 180mg
- Magnesium Malate - 165mg
- Magnesium Taurine Chelate - 30mg
* = Nutrient Reference Value
Ingredients:
Magnesium Malate, Magnesium Bisglycinate, Capsule Shell: Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, Magnesium Taurine Chelate, Microcrystalline Cellulose 102, Magnesium Stearate, Silicon
Dioxide, Pyridoxine HCl (Vitamin B6).
Allergy Advice:
Although rigorous precautions are taken to prevent any cross-contamination, this product is manufactured in a facility that handles allergy-based materials.
Cautions:
Always consult your health practitioner before taking nutritional supplements, especially if you are taking medication or are under medical supervision. Not recommended for children, pregnant or lactating women. You should not take supplements as a substitute for a varied balanced diet or healthy lifestyle. Store in a cool, dry & dark place, under 25 degrees, out of reach of children.
How to Use It
Directions:
Adults, take 1 capsule, 1 to 3 times per day.
Do not exceed recommended amount.
You can take 1-3 capsules with or without food, but many people prefer taking magnesium with a meal to support comfortable digestion. If you take more than one capsule per day, you can choose to take them together or spread them throughout the day, whatever feels best for your body.
You can take your capsules at any time of day. Some people like taking magnesium in the evening, while others prefer morning or midday. Choose the time that feels most natural in your routine. Consistency matters more than the exact timing.
Shipping
We ship with all major carriers, including PostNord, DAO, GLS, and Bring, offering 1–2 business day delivery.
Orders are prepared and sent out within 24–48 hours.
Cost varies between DKK 39-52.00
Free Delivery on orders above DKK 500
*The delivery days count from the moment the carrier has received our package.
We also deliver throughout Europe using trusted partners like GLS and EcoParcel.
Delivery times vary by destination, between 4-15 business days, but we always send out our packages within 48 hours of receiving your order.
Cost varies by destination between €9-25.
Free Delivery on orders above €60.
*The delivery days count from the moment the carrier has received our package.
We currently do not ship outside of the European Union, however if you would like to place a order, contact us at hello@persona-path.com and we will try to assist you.
Transparency & Sourcing
At PersonaPath, we believe in full transparency and doing things the right way—from how we formulate our supplements to how we treat the planet.
Our mission is to help people live healthier, more balanced lives, while respecting the world we all share.
Our products are manufactured in the UK, Germany, Slovenia and Latvia under strict quality standards and then packaged and prepared locally in Denmark, where we work closely with Fødevarestyrelsen (Danish Veterinary and Food Administration) to ensure everything meets national safety and labelling requirements.
We work exclusively with a BRC AA–certified manufacturer that follows Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and full traceability, from raw ingredients to finished product. All of our formulations are developed by a qualified nutritionist and are based strictly on EFSA-approved claims—with no inflated promises, ever.
We're also proud to take an ethical and sustainable approach. We never work with suppliers who test on animals or use harmful harvesting methods.
Sustainability is not a side project—it’s core to how we operate.
✔ All of our packaging is made from biodegradable materials, durable glass or recycled plastic
✔ We offset our shipping-related CO₂ emissions
✔ We’re partnered with Greenspark, supporting projects like:
– Reforestation
– Ocean plastic cleanup
– Carbon removal & kelp planting
– Fresh water access in vulnerable areas
– Supporting honeybee populations
We are proud to offer clean, honest supplements—made with care, backed by science, and delivered with respect for your health and the planet.
Our products are manufactured in the UK, Germany, Slovenia, and Latvia under strict quality standards, then packaged and prepared locally in Denmark.
We’ve also built a transparent ingredient section on our website, where you can explore every detail of what goes into our products — including the exact type of raw material, EFSA-approved health claims, ingredient origin, and documented benefits.
Supporting ingredients are also fully listed and explained — what they are, what they do, and why we include them. You can find this information under Ingredients → Supporting Ingredients, or directly on each product page by clicking on “Ingredients.”
Finally, our packaging materials are sourced from Germany, Poland, the UK, and Denmark, all produced to meet the highest European standards of safety and sustainability.
Giving Back Together
We’ve partnered with Greenspark to give back where it’s needed most — supporting meaningful environmental and social causes around the world. Each month, we dedicate a portion of our monthly revenue to a new project that creates real impact, from restoring forests and protecting marine ecosystems to supporting local communities.
You can always see the current month’s cause featured at the top of our website or on our social media channels. At the end of each month, we share full transparency — including donation receipts, details about the partner organization, and photos from the project locations — so you can see exactly where your support goes.
We’re proud that our community plays an active role in helping us make a difference. Every purchase contributes to something bigger — together, we’re building a healthier planet and a better future.
The Persona
Promise
Discover what makes us different and why our customers trust us.
At Persona we don't use marketing claims.
Every health benefit you see is approved by european authorities and backed by science.
It's how we build trust.
Learn more about Magnesium Complex- Magnesium and vitamin B6 contribute to normal energy-yielding metabolism and help reduce tiredness and fatigue.*
- Magnesium contributes to normal muscle function and normal functioning of the nervous system.*
- Vitamin B6 contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system.*
- Magnesium and vitamin B6 contribute to normal psychological function.*
- Magnesium contributes to the maintenance of normal bones, to normal electrolyte balance, and to normal protein synthesis.*
Understanding Bioavailability
Why the form of a vitamin matters as much as the vitamin itself
The Restaurant Example
Imagine ordering salmon at a restaurant. The menu says "salmon", but what arrives could be perfectly grilled, raw, or still wrapped in plastic. Technically all salmon, but only one is actually nourishing.
Vitamins work the same way. A label might say "Vitamin C 1000 mg," but that vitamin could be in a form your body barely absorbs, or one it uses efficiently. The form determines whether your body can actually use what you're taking.
What Is Bioavailability?
Bioavailability is the amount of a nutrient that actually enters your bloodstream and reaches your cells.
If you take 100 mg of a vitamin but only 20 mg gets absorbed, the bioavailability is 20%. The rest passes through unused.
What affects bioavailability:
- The chemical form of the vitamin
- Your individual gut health and genetics
- What you eat alongside the supplement
Common Vitamin Forms Explained
Methylated Vitamins (Active Forms)
Some people struggle to convert standard vitamins into their active, usable forms due to genetic variations. Methylated vitamins skip that step; they're already active.
Example: Methylcobalamin (B12) vs Cyanocobalamin
- Methylcobalamin Active form, immediately usable
- Cyanocobalamin Synthetic, requires conversion (which 40-60% of people struggle with due to MTHFR gene variants)
Common forms: Methylfolate (5-MTHF), methylcobalamin (B12), P-5-P (B6)
Natural vs Synthetic
"Natural" doesn't automatically mean better; it depends on the specific vitamin.
Example: Vitamin E
- Natural (d-alpha-tocopherol): Derived from plants, more biologically active
- Synthetic (dl-alpha-tocopherol): Contains 8 forms, only one your body prefers
Example: Vitamin C
- Ascorbic acid (synthetic) is molecularly identical to natural vitamin C and equally effective
- Liposomal vitamin C: Wrapped in fat bubbles for enhanced absorption and higher blood levels
Fat-Soluble vs Water-Soluble
Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) need fat to be absorbed. Taking them with food containing healthy fats significantly improves uptake.
Water-soluble vitamins (B, C) dissolve in water and are absorbed more easily, but excess is excreted quickly, making sustained-release forms sometimes beneficial.
What "Bioavailable" Actually Means on a Label
When we say "bioavailable form," we mean:
- Active forms that don't require conversion (methylated B vitamins)
- Forms with proven absorption backed by scientific research
- Enhanced delivery systems (like liposomal technology)
What it shouldn't mean: vague marketing language without specifics.
Red flags to watch for:
- No specific form listed (just "Vitamin B12" without the type)
- "Proprietary blends" that hide ingredient amounts
- Claims without any absorption data
The Bottom Line
A cheaper supplement with poor bioavailability isn't a bargain. The best supplements aren't about taking more; they're about absorbing what you take.
What to look for:
- Specific forms clearly listed on the label
- Science-backed forms (methylated, chelated, liposomal)
- Transparency about dosages and sources
At Persona, we choose forms based on scientific evidence for absorption, not what's cheapest to manufacture. Because if your body can't use it, what's the point?
References: EFSA scientific opinions on bioavailability; NIH Office of Dietary Supplements; peer-reviewed studies on vitamin absorption and forms (available upon request).
More than just Supplements
Bioavailable Nutrients
How to Use:
- Take 1 capsule, 1 to 3 times per day.
The Benefits of Magnesium
Bioavailable form
Magnesium is one of the most important minerals in the body, involved in over 600 enzymatic reactions. We use Magnesium Bisglycinate, a chelated form bound to the amino acid glycine, which is known for its excellent bioavailability and gentle absorption. Magnesium supports everything from energy production and muscle function to nervous system health and quality sleep.
Key Highlights
- Contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism (EFSA approved)
- Supports the reduction of tiredness and fatigue (EFSA approved)
- Contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system (EFSA approved)
- Supports normal muscle function (EFSA approved)
- Contributes to normal psychological function (EFSA approved)
- Supports the maintenance of normal bones and teeth (EFSA approved)
- Has a role in the process of cell division (EFSA approved)
Biochemistry Timeline
Magnesium supplementation can begin to show benefits within 1 to 4 weeks, though it may take 6 to 8 weeks for full effects, particularly for sleep quality and mood improvements. The bisglycinate form is absorbed efficiently, meaning you may notice improvements in muscle comfort and relaxation relatively quickly.
Only about 1% of the body's magnesium is found in the blood, so serum tests can sometimes underestimate a deficiency. Consistent daily supplementation is the most effective approach to maintaining adequate tissue levels.
PMS and Hormonal Comfort
For many women, magnesium can offer meaningful support during the menstrual cycle. Research has shown that magnesium supplementation can help ease common premenstrual symptoms including mood changes, bloating, and breast tenderness.
A landmark double-blind RCT by Facchinetti et al. (1991) found that magnesium supplementation from day 15 to menstruation significantly improved PMS mood symptoms. Another crossover trial (Walker et al., 1998) demonstrated that 200 mg of magnesium for two cycles significantly reduced fluid retention symptoms including weight gain, breast tenderness, and bloating.
A 2025 systematic review in Nutrition Reviews confirmed that magnesium, alongside B6, calcium, and zinc, shows consistent evidence for supporting PMS-related symptoms, with approximately 48% of reproductive-age women experiencing PMS to some degree.
Bone Health
While calcium often receives the most attention for bone health, magnesium is equally important. About 60% of the body's magnesium is stored in bone tissue, where it contributes to bone mineral density and structural integrity.
Magnesium also supports the activity of vitamin D, which is needed for calcium absorption. Without adequate magnesium, vitamin D cannot be fully activated in the body, creating a chain reaction that can affect calcium metabolism and bone health.
EFSA recognises that magnesium contributes to the maintenance of normal bones. Ensuring adequate magnesium alongside vitamin D and calcium provides a well-rounded foundation for long-term bone health.
Summary
Magnesium is one of the most versatile and essential minerals in the body, involved in over 600 enzymatic reactions. We use Magnesium Bisglycinate for its superior bioavailability and gentle absorption. Supplementation supports energy production, sleep quality, muscle and nerve function, psychological well-being, and bone health.
Magnesium deficiency is common in modern diets, and the bisglycinate form offers an effective, well-tolerated way to maintain adequate levels. Benefits can begin within 1 to 4 weeks, with full effects typically felt by 6 to 8 weeks of consistent daily use.
FAQs
Why Magnesium Bisglycinate specifically?
Bisglycinate is a chelated form where magnesium is bound to the amino acid glycine. This makes it highly bioavailable (well-absorbed) and gentle on the stomach. The glycine itself has calming properties, which adds to the relaxation benefits.
When is the best time to take magnesium?
For sleep support, taking magnesium in the evening (1-2 hours before bed) is often recommended. For energy and general health benefits, it can be taken at any time with food. Consistency matters more than timing.
Can I take too much magnesium?
The European upper limit for supplemental magnesium is 250 mg per day for adults. Very high doses can cause loose stools, which is usually the first sign of excess. The bisglycinate form is less likely to cause digestive discomfort than other forms.
How do I know if I am low in magnesium?
Common signs of low magnesium include muscle cramps, poor sleep, fatigue, tension headaches, and irritability. Because most magnesium is stored in bones and tissues, standard blood tests may not always reflect true status. If you recognise these symptoms, supplementation is a reasonable and low-risk approach.
Is magnesium safe during pregnancy?
Magnesium is generally considered safe during pregnancy. It may even help with leg cramps and sleep quality, both common during pregnancy. However, always consult your healthcare provider for personalised guidance on dosage.
Research
Koltover VK – Bio Systems (2026). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41241131/
Patil et al — Int Dent J (2026). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2026.109488
Pickering et al — Aging Clin Exp Res (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03317-9
Ferreira et al — JACC Heart Fail (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2025.102751
Kuusipalo et al — Trials (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-025-09370-z
Moretti et al — Nutrients (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030470
Lim et al — J Med Food (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096620X261430172
Nutrition Reviews 2025 - PMS nutritional interventions SR (2025). [SR of RCTs]. https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article/83/2/280/7659847
Robinson J et al. – Nutrition reviews (2025). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38684926/
Maqrashi NA et al. – Sultan Qaboos University medical journal (2025). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40641714/
Mangal DK et al. – Scientific reports (2025). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41402393/
Safari K et al. – Nutrients (2025). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40284238/
Mazza E et al. – Nutrients (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40647330/
Abidin BM et al. – Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39801180/
Schuster et al. — Nat Sci Sleep (2025). [RCT (placebo-controlled)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12412596/
Antioxidants meta-analysis (2025). [Systematic review & MA (28 studies)]. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/740
Talandashti MK et al. – Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology (2025). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39404918/
McFarlin BK et al. – Journal of medicinal food (2025). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40955524/
Gao X et al. – Journal of hazardous materials (2025). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40068397/
Doshi D et al. – Cureus (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40190829/
Argeros et al — Hypertension (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.125.25129
Bensaaud et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013729.pub2
Ma et al — Pak J Pharm Sci (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.36721/PJPS.2025.38.4.REG.12626.1
Makvandi et al — Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.18295/2075-0528.2885
Luo et al — J Int Soc Sports Nutr (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2467890
Yamashita et al — J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2025.01.007
Zhu et al — J Pain (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105431
Cursino et al — Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2025.101614
Rower et al — J Clin Pharmacol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.6179
Hamamoto et al — Sci Rep (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95095-7
Coates et al — Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0034
Bomar et al — Nutrients (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050915
Li et al — J Ethnopharmacol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2025.119758
Dodd et al — J Psychopharmacol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251381261
George et al — Ann Card Anaesth (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.4103/aca.aca_238_24
Polo-Ferrero et al — Clin Nutr (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2025.02.015
Gracia et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.24.18401-5
Zhang et al — Medicine (Baltimore) (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000045955
Shea et al — Am J Obstet Gynecol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2025.01.032
O'Connor et al — J Hum Nutr Diet (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.70147
Alves de Melo Silva et al — Pregnancy Hypertens (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2025.101391
Gao et al — J Health Popul Nutr (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01199-1
Michelini et al — Skin Res Technol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.70171
Thornton M et al. – Calcified tissue international (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38043101/
González-Parejo P et al. – Nutrients (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39064758/
White SJ et al. – Trauma, violence & abuse (2024). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36825800/
Quist-Nelson J et al. – Pregnancy hypertension (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39018830/
Morgado A et al. – International journal of impotence research (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37697053/
Shaheen RS et al. – BMC women's health (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39054515/
Teixeira IAMA et al. – Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39013697/
D'Elia JA et al. – International journal of molecular sciences (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39337264/
Kröse JL et al. – Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38871680/
Fatima G et al. – Cureus (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39539878/
Hausenblas et al. — Sleep Med X (2024). [RCT]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleepx.2024.100121
PMC12535714 — Mechanisms review (2024). [Narrative review]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12535714/
Breus et al. — Med Res Arch (2024). [RCT (double-blind crossover)]. https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5410
Afshar Ebrahimi et al. — Front Nutr (2024). [Systematic review & MA (7 RCTs)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10783196/
Frediani JK et al. – Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37654090/
Woolhiser E et al. – JMIR dermatology (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39102684/
Ekramzadeh M et al. – Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39110986/
Dowley A et al. – Methods (San Diego, Calif.) (2024). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38608850/
Pajuelo D et al. – Nutrients (2024). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39770988/
Eiser AR – The American journal of medicine (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38942346/
Luo et al — Pediatr Pulmonol (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.27234
Behers et al — Nutrients (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213617
Rizzoli et al — Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000988
Safabakhsh et al — Clin Nutr (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2024.03.030
Carron et al — Br J Anaesth (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2024.08.009
Shepherd et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004661.pub4
Kukendrarajah et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013255.pub2
Ahmed et al — Medicine (Baltimore) (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000039453
Cunha et al — Eur J Pediatr (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-024-05517-3
Philippoteaux et al — Joint Bone Spine (2024). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2024.105714
Almeida et al — Nutr Rev (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad154
Kisters et al — Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.5414/CP204677
Shahmoradi et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03744-7
Abdel Rady et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.24.17868-6
Strodl et al — Sci Rep (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71093-z
Xin et al — J Clin Densitom (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2024.101503
Marinho et al — Res Q Exerc Sport (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2023.2293121
Senda et al — Sci Rep (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73985-6
Hassan et al — Paediatr Anaesth (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.14848
Pendón-Ruiz de Mier et al — Nefrologia (Engl Ed) (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefroe.2024.11.001
Eid et al — Pregnancy Hypertens (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2024.101112
Rouhzendeh et al — BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-024-06831-2
Ye et al — J Arthroplasty (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2024.05.019
Rud et al — Clin Nutr (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2024.05.038
Rondanelli et al — Nutrients (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091369
Pinelli et al — Int J Neurosci (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2023.2178433
Ferreira et al — Clin Nutr (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2024.03.023
Wang H et al. – Journal of affective disorders (2023). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36442656/
Ren Q et al. – Biological trace element research (2023). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36790586/
Shehata MMA et al. – International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36815745/
Elenkov A et al. – Andrology (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36451611/
Kumar C et al. – Indian journal of pediatrics (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35849276/
Nuha K et al. – International journal of environmental research and public health (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37623203/
Macías Ruiz MDC et al. – Nutrients (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37049550/
Kędzierska-Kapuza K et al. – Nutrients (2023). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36839219/
Jabłońska B et al. – Nutrients (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37111210/
Li K et al. – The American journal of Chinese medicine (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37884447/
Moabedi et al. — Front Psychiatry (2023). [Systematic review & MA of RCTs]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1333261
Kurian SJ et al. – Frontiers in endocrinology (2023). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37065742/
Moabedi M et al. – Frontiers in psychiatry (2023). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38213402/
Dangi P et al. – International journal of food microbiology (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36708610/
Dall RD et al. – Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36640582/
Asbaghi O et al. — Biol Trace Elem Res (2023). [SR + meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35435574/
Khetpal et al — Aesthetic Plast Surg (2023). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-023-03298-y
Heybati et al — J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2023.03.018
Tsai et al — Am J Clin Nutr (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.03.025
Wang et al — Am J Otolaryngol (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2022.103548
Zhao et al — BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-05531-7
van Dronkelaar et al — J Am Med Dir Assoc (2023). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2023.05.017
Dominguez et al — Nutrients (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061304
Alalwan et al — Ann Ig (2023). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.7416/ai.2022.2552
Belfort et al — J Nutr Sci (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2023.54
Ramezani et al — PLoS One (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277213
Banerjee et al — J Ren Nutr (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2023.01.007
Tetens et al — J Nutr (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.10.005
Son et al — Obstet Gynecol (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000005058
Kawakita et al — Am J Perinatol (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1739414
Crowther et al — JAMA (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.12357
Vongpatanasin et al — Hypertension (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21932
Sarris J et al. – The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35311615/
Sullivan M et al. – The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34187284/
Chen S et al. – Frontiers in endocrinology (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35795146/
Yuan J et al. – Biological trace element research (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34775542/
Okonkwo M et al. – Obstetrics and gynecology (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35271534/
Scott G et al. – American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32828743/
Asbaghi O et al. – The British journal of nutrition (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35045911/
Kazemi A et al. – Diabetes research and clinical practice (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35963372/
Kazemi M et al. – Human reproduction update (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35639552/
Kim GH – American journal of nephrology (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36450225/
Deledda A et al. – International journal of molecular sciences (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36555859/
Laflamme DP – Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36191141/
Arab et al. — Biol Trace Elem Res (2022). [Systematic review (9 studies)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35184264/
Zhang et al. — CARDIA Study (2022). [Prospective cohort (CARDIA)].
Alexander RT et al. – Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36200584/
Zhang C et al. – Nutrients (2022). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36558392/
Cheung MM et al. – Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) (2022). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35576873/
Baima G et al. – Journal of periodontal research (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34837226/
von Ehrlich B et al. — Nutrition (2022). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35461025/
An et al — J Am Coll Cardiol (2022). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.048
Wang et al — BMJ Open (2022). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056680
Maeda et al — J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.68.189
Mendel et al — Curr Cardiol Rev (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573403X17666210603113430
Besora-Moreno et al — Clin Nutr (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2022.07.035
Zhang et al — Medicine (Baltimore) (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000029642
Schutten et al — J Am Heart Assoc (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.021783
Warady et al — Clin J Am Soc Nephrol (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.02400222
Havrylov et al — Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.5114/ait.2022.123137
Matin et al — Neurol Sci (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05843-6
Córdova et al — Int J Environ Res Public Health (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105938
Chauvin et al — J Clin Immunol (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-021-01137-w
Guimerà et al — Urolithiasis (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-022-01357-8
de Sequera et al — Nefrologia (Engl Ed) (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefroe.2021.12.003
Heo et al — CNS Drugs (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-022-00912-6
Beyuo et al — Int J Gynaecol Obstet (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.14181
Chang et al — J Healthc Eng (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7217543
Tinsley et al — Nutrients (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163321
Reno et al — J Strength Cond Res (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003827
Zanforlini et al — Aging Clin Exp Res (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-021-01921-z
Zhang et al — Nutrients (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173576
Fiorentini D et al. - Nutrients (2021). [Comprehensive Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33670045/
Liu J et al. – Taiwanese journal of obstetrics & gynecology (2021). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34247796/
Doggui R et al. – Nutrients (2021). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33946351/
Silva Filho SE et al. – Brazilian journal of anesthesiology (Elsevier) (2021). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34537125/
Schuetz P et al. – Swiss medical weekly (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34010429/
Costagliola G et al. – Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34371920/
Noah L et al. – Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress (2021). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33864354/
Kleczkowski LA et al. – International journal of molecular sciences (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33503839/
Igamberdiev AU et al. – The Biochemical journal (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33881486/
Mah & Pitre — BMC Complement Med Ther (2021 (updated 2024)). [Meta-analysis (3 RCTs)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8053283/
Fiorentini et al. — Nutrients (2021). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34209735/
Mah & Pitre — BMC Complement Med Ther (2021). [Systematic review & MA (3 RCTs)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33865376/
Pardo MR et al. – Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) (2021). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34111673/
Ellison DH et al. – Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34045316/
Fiorentini D et al. — Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33652833/
Guerrero-Romero F & Rodriguez-Moran M — Diabetes Metab Res Rev (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33047860/
Rosanoff A et al. — Nutr Rev (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33432356/
Barbagallo M & Dominguez LJ — Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33669227/
Rondanelli M et al. — Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34360064/
Ende et al — Obstet Gynecol (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004228
Askari et al — Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (2021). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1790498
Krittanawong et al — Am J Med (2021). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.10.035
Asbaghi et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02157-0
Ramesh et al — J Cardiol (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2021.06.001
Wallace et al — Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (2021). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1810624
Santiago et al — Nutr Rev (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa145
Afitska et al — Magnes Res (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2021.0489
Schutten et al — Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.14350
Standiford et al — Am J Emerg Med (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.010
Kim et al — Adv Ther (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-021-01643-8
Barna et al — Nutr J (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-021-00747-9
Urcun et al — Heart Surg Forum (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1532/hsf.3955
Salman et al — Scand J Surg (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/1457496920962601
Shiraishi et al — Nutrients (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093272
Morishita et al — Am J Gastroenterol (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000942
Rabbani et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02548-3
Kheyruri et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02387-2
Veronese N et al. - European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2020). [Umbrella Meta-Analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31942039/
Pickering G et al. - Nutrients (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33260549/
Garrison SR et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2020). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32956536/
Pourmotabbed A et al. – Public health nutrition (2020). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32174292/
Chang J et al. – Frontiers in medicine (2020). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32850896/
Wrzosek M et al. – Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33076711/
Cooper ID et al. – Open heart (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32938758/
Noah L et al. – Magnesium research (2020). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33210604/
Lai CY et al. – Nutrients (2020). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32635181/
Nath S – Biomolecular concepts (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32827389/
Veronese et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2020). [Meta-analysis (11 RCTs)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32665737/
Maier et al. — Nutrients (2020). [Narrative review]. General
Bordes C et al. – Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32360208/
Botturi A et al. – Nutrients (2020). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32503201/
Pagliai G et al. – Nutrients (2020). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32825400/
Uwitonze AM et al. – The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32084549/
Pickering G et al. — Nutrients (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33255735/
Veronese N et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2020). [SR + meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31853004/
Zhang X et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2020). [SR + meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31399681/
Maier JA et al. — Nutrients (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32108539/
Toi et al — Nutrients (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092722
Craig et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012977.pub2
Ljungberg et al — Int J Environ Res Public Health (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051616
Hedayati et al — J Clin Lab Anal (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.23551
Marques et al — High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev (2020). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40292-019-00355-z
Janjuha et al — Nutrients (2020). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051457
Martínez-Rodríguez et al — Int J Environ Res Public Health (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072227
Lee et al — BMC Anesthesiol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-020-01192-7
Vázquez-Lorente et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082283
Morato-Martínez et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082203
Zajac et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12102961
Gonzalez et al — J Strength Cond Res (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003480
Voskamp et al — Int J Sports Physiol Perform (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0177
Dragomiretska et al — Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S1121-421X.20.02601-X
Mostafa et al — Eur J Pain (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1476
Gaballah et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.19.13550-X
Griffin et al — Circulation (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.045691
Alonso et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061697
Araújo et al — PLoS One (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227497
Hassan et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.20.14012-4
Pickering et al — Anesthesiology (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000003345
Denoble et al — Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100176
Ahmadi et al — Respir Res (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01466-1
Shepherd E et al. – PLoS medicine (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31809499/
Moslehi M et al. – Biological trace element research (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30880352/
Gröber U – International journal of molecular sciences (2019). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31035385/
Marshall NS et al. – Sleep medicine reviews (2019). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31678660/
Salminen W et al. – Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) (2019). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31652632/
Effatpanah M et al. – Psychiatry research (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30807974/
Huang YH et al. – Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30496768/
Uysal N et al. — Nutr Neurosci (2019). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30618020/
Earp et al — Muscle Nerve (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.26650
Matthews et al — Eur J Clin Nutr (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0350-4
Bouida et al — Acad Emerg Med (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.13522
Rizk et al — Cardiorenal Med (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1159/000500612
Ter Meulen et al — PLoS One (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225824
Sundfør et al — Eur J Clin Nutr (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0370-0
Werner et al — Magnes Res (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2019.0457
Kirkland AE et al. - Nutrients (2018). [Systematic Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29673236/
Pouteau E et al. – PloS one (2018). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30562392/
Chung VCH et al. – BMJ open (2018). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29593017/
DiNicolantonio et al. — Open Heart (2018). [Comprehensive review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29387426/
Thorpe J et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2018). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29457627/
Razzaque MS — Nutrients (2018). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30587781/
Workinger JL et al. — Nutrients (2018). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30400332/
Dai Q et al. — Am J Clin Nutr (2018). [Cohort study]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30571591/
Uwitonze AM & Razzaque MS �� J Am Osteopath Assoc (2018). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29480918/
Barić et al — Adv Ther (2018). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-018-0680-6
Lehmann et al — Pharmacotherapy (2018). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.2087
van Dronkelaar et al — J Am Med Dir Assoc (2018). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.05.026
Song et al — Pain Physician (2018). [Meta-Analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29357328/
Corre et al — J Am Soc Nephrol (2018). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2017030267
Lutsey et al — Nutrients (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070884
Kruger et al — Eur J Nutr (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1544-6
Nakayama et al — Clin Exp Nephrol (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-017-1412-y
Armborst et al — Nutrients (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050551
Mohammadzadeh et al — ANZ J Surg (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/ans.14056
Warken et al — An Acad Bras Cienc (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201820170524
Tarleton et al. — PLoS One (2017). [RCT (crossover)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28654669/
McCabe D et al. – JBI database of systematic reviews and implementation reports (2017). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28178022/
Boyle et al. — Nutrients (2017). [Systematic review (18 studies)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28445426/
Schwalfenberg & Genuis — Scientifica (2017). [Comprehensive review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29093983/
Wang et al — Magnes Res (2017). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2018.0430
Joris et al — Sci Rep (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00205-9
Roguin Maor et al — JAMA Intern Med (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.9261
White et al — Nutr Neurosci (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1179/1476830514Y.0000000157
Rimal et al — JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29453467/
Noronha Neto C et al — PLoS One (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168124
Fard et al — Women Health (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2016.1235074
Baaklini et al — Am J Hosp Palliat Care (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909115621895
Zhang Y et al. - Nutrients (2016). [Meta-Analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27275145/
Chiu HY et al. – Pain physician (2016). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26752497/
Pattanittum P et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2016). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27000311/
Rosanoff A et al. – Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) (2016). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26773013/
Costello RB et al. — Nutr Rev (2016). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27150163/
Zheltova AA et al. — Int J Mol Sci (2016). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27338355/
Li et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2016). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010568.pub2
Knapen et al — Eur J Clin Nutr (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.3
Anjum et al — Arch Gynecol Obstet (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-015-3903-y
Anjum et al — Int J Gynaecol Obstet (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.06.056
Martinez et al — J Dairy Sci (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10527
Kashanian et al — J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2015.1083547
Kruger et al — Eur J Nutr (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-1007-x
Gröber et al. — Nutrients (2015). [Comprehensive review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26404370/
Bahtiri E et al. – Acta reumatologica portuguesa (2015). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26922199/
Faramarzi M et al. – Human reproduction (Oxford, England) (2015). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26466913/
Pachman et al — J Clin Oncol (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.58.8533
Supakatisant et al — Matern Child Nutr (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2012.00440.x
Benzaquen et al — Vet J (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.001
Huq et al — BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0520-5
Kass et al — J Int Soc Sports Nutr (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0081-z
PMS epidemiology meta-analysis (2014). [Meta-analysis (17 studies)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3972521/
Maggio M et al. – International journal of endocrinology (2014). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24723948/
Higuera-de la Tijera F et al. – Annals of hepatology (2014). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24756009/
Wang D et al. – Expert opinion on therapeutic targets (2014). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25152202/
Noori N et al. – International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition (2013). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24491880/
Abumaria N et al. – Behavioural pharmacology (2013). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23764903/
Ghanizadeh A – Archives of Iranian medicine (2013). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23808779/
Volpe SL — Adv Nutr (2013). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23674797/
dos Santos et al — Nutr Hosp (2013). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24506401/
Abbasi et al. — Biol Trace Elem Res (2012). [RCT (double-blind)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23853635/
Zhang et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2012). [Meta-analysis (7 cohort studies)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22318649/
Rosanoff A et al. - Nutrition Reviews (2012). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22364157/
Garrison SR et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2012). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22972143/
Zemel MB et al. – Nutrients (2012). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22822451/
Duley L et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2010). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21069663/
Davì G et al. – Cardiovascular therapeutics (2010). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20633024/
Banjanin N & Belojevic G — Magnes Res (2010). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21199787/
Whelan AM et al. – The Canadian journal of clinical pharmacology = Journal canadien de pharmacologie clinique (2009). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19923637/
Quaranta et al. — Magnes Res (2007). [RCT (crossover)].
Proctor ML et al. – BMJ clinical evidence (2007). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19454059/
Kwan I et al. – BMJ clinical evidence (2007). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19454075/
Walker AF et al. – Magnesium research (2003). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14596323/
Morgan PJ et al. – Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC (2002). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12196860/
Durlach J et al. – Magnesium research (2002). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12030424/
Proctor ML et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2001). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11687013/
Marino MR et al. – Clinical pharmacokinetics (2001). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11523726/
Ranade VV et al. – American journal of therapeutics (2001). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11550076/
Iughetti L et al. – Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM (1999). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10854189/
Iughetti L et al. – Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM (1999). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10703531/
Walker et al. - Mg PMS fluid retention (1998). [RCT (crossover)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9861593/
Marchbanks CR – Pharmacotherapy (1993). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8474934/
Stuck AE et al. – Clinical pharmacokinetics (1992). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1551289/
Facchinetti et al. - Mg PMS mood RCT (1991). [RCT (double-blind)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2067759/
Fontana-Klaiber H et al. – Schweizerische Rundschau fur Medizin Praxis = Revue suisse de medecine Praxis (1990). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2349410/
Davies BI et al. – Reviews of infectious diseases (1989). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2570456/
Polk RE – The American journal of medicine (1989). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2686430/
Combs DK et al. – Journal of animal science (1982). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7042673/
Doyle JJ – Journal of animal science (1980). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6995417/
Weisbrode SE et al. – The American journal of pathology (1977). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/143891/
Magnesium and depression: updated meta-analysis. [Meta-analysis]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S106345841830102X
Magnesium and type 2 diabetes: systematic review. [Meta-analysis]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5637834/
Magnesium and sleep quality: systematic review. [Systematic review]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6024559/
Magnesium supplementation for PMS symptoms. [RCT]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110863015000555
Magnesium and chronic fatigue syndrome. [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9703590/
354 studies — Magnesium
Koltover VK – Bio Systems (2026). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41241131/
Patil et al — Int Dent J (2026). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2026.109488
Pickering et al — Aging Clin Exp Res (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03317-9
Ferreira et al — JACC Heart Fail (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2025.102751
Kuusipalo et al — Trials (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-025-09370-z
Moretti et al — Nutrients (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030470
Lim et al — J Med Food (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096620X261430172
Nutrition Reviews 2025 - PMS nutritional interventions SR (2025). [SR of RCTs]. https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article/83/2/280/7659847
Robinson J et al. – Nutrition reviews (2025). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38684926/
Maqrashi NA et al. – Sultan Qaboos University medical journal (2025). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40641714/
Mangal DK et al. – Scientific reports (2025). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41402393/
Safari K et al. – Nutrients (2025). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40284238/
Mazza E et al. – Nutrients (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40647330/
Abidin BM et al. – Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39801180/
Schuster et al. — Nat Sci Sleep (2025). [RCT (placebo-controlled)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12412596/
Antioxidants meta-analysis (2025). [Systematic review & MA (28 studies)]. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/740
Talandashti MK et al. – Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology (2025). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39404918/
McFarlin BK et al. – Journal of medicinal food (2025). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40955524/
Gao X et al. – Journal of hazardous materials (2025). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40068397/
Doshi D et al. – Cureus (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40190829/
Argeros et al — Hypertension (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.125.25129
Bensaaud et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013729.pub2
Ma et al — Pak J Pharm Sci (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.36721/PJPS.2025.38.4.REG.12626.1
Makvandi et al — Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.18295/2075-0528.2885
Luo et al — J Int Soc Sports Nutr (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2467890
Yamashita et al — J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2025.01.007
Zhu et al — J Pain (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105431
Cursino et al — Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2025.101614
Rower et al — J Clin Pharmacol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.6179
Hamamoto et al — Sci Rep (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95095-7
Coates et al — Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0034
Bomar et al — Nutrients (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050915
Li et al — J Ethnopharmacol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2025.119758
Dodd et al — J Psychopharmacol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251381261
George et al — Ann Card Anaesth (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.4103/aca.aca_238_24
Polo-Ferrero et al — Clin Nutr (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2025.02.015
Gracia et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.24.18401-5
Zhang et al — Medicine (Baltimore) (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000045955
Shea et al — Am J Obstet Gynecol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2025.01.032
O'Connor et al — J Hum Nutr Diet (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.70147
Alves de Melo Silva et al — Pregnancy Hypertens (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2025.101391
Gao et al — J Health Popul Nutr (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01199-1
Michelini et al — Skin Res Technol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.70171
Thornton M et al. – Calcified tissue international (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38043101/
González-Parejo P et al. – Nutrients (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39064758/
White SJ et al. – Trauma, violence & abuse (2024). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36825800/
Quist-Nelson J et al. – Pregnancy hypertension (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39018830/
Morgado A et al. – International journal of impotence research (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37697053/
Shaheen RS et al. – BMC women's health (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39054515/
Teixeira IAMA et al. – Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39013697/
D'Elia JA et al. – International journal of molecular sciences (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39337264/
Kröse JL et al. – Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38871680/
Fatima G et al. – Cureus (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39539878/
Hausenblas et al. — Sleep Med X (2024). [RCT]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleepx.2024.100121
PMC12535714 — Mechanisms review (2024). [Narrative review]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12535714/
Breus et al. — Med Res Arch (2024). [RCT (double-blind crossover)]. https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5410
Afshar Ebrahimi et al. — Front Nutr (2024). [Systematic review & MA (7 RCTs)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10783196/
Frediani JK et al. – Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37654090/
Woolhiser E et al. – JMIR dermatology (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39102684/
Ekramzadeh M et al. – Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39110986/
Dowley A et al. – Methods (San Diego, Calif.) (2024). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38608850/
Pajuelo D et al. – Nutrients (2024). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39770988/
Eiser AR – The American journal of medicine (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38942346/
Luo et al — Pediatr Pulmonol (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.27234
Behers et al — Nutrients (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213617
Rizzoli et al — Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000988
Safabakhsh et al — Clin Nutr (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2024.03.030
Carron et al — Br J Anaesth (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2024.08.009
Shepherd et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004661.pub4
Kukendrarajah et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013255.pub2
Ahmed et al — Medicine (Baltimore) (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000039453
Cunha et al — Eur J Pediatr (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-024-05517-3
Philippoteaux et al — Joint Bone Spine (2024). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2024.105714
Almeida et al — Nutr Rev (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad154
Kisters et al — Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.5414/CP204677
Shahmoradi et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03744-7
Abdel Rady et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.24.17868-6
Strodl et al — Sci Rep (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71093-z
Xin et al — J Clin Densitom (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2024.101503
Marinho et al — Res Q Exerc Sport (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2023.2293121
Senda et al — Sci Rep (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73985-6
Hassan et al — Paediatr Anaesth (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.14848
Pendón-Ruiz de Mier et al — Nefrologia (Engl Ed) (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefroe.2024.11.001
Eid et al — Pregnancy Hypertens (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2024.101112
Rouhzendeh et al — BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-024-06831-2
Ye et al — J Arthroplasty (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2024.05.019
Rud et al — Clin Nutr (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2024.05.038
Rondanelli et al — Nutrients (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091369
Pinelli et al — Int J Neurosci (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2023.2178433
Ferreira et al — Clin Nutr (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2024.03.023
Wang H et al. – Journal of affective disorders (2023). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36442656/
Ren Q et al. – Biological trace element research (2023). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36790586/
Shehata MMA et al. – International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36815745/
Elenkov A et al. – Andrology (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36451611/
Kumar C et al. – Indian journal of pediatrics (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35849276/
Nuha K et al. – International journal of environmental research and public health (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37623203/
Macías Ruiz MDC et al. – Nutrients (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37049550/
Kędzierska-Kapuza K et al. – Nutrients (2023). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36839219/
Jabłońska B et al. – Nutrients (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37111210/
Li K et al. – The American journal of Chinese medicine (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37884447/
Moabedi et al. — Front Psychiatry (2023). [Systematic review & MA of RCTs]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1333261
Kurian SJ et al. – Frontiers in endocrinology (2023). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37065742/
Moabedi M et al. – Frontiers in psychiatry (2023). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38213402/
Dangi P et al. – International journal of food microbiology (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36708610/
Dall RD et al. – Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36640582/
Asbaghi O et al. — Biol Trace Elem Res (2023). [SR + meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35435574/
Khetpal et al — Aesthetic Plast Surg (2023). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-023-03298-y
Heybati et al — J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2023.03.018
Tsai et al — Am J Clin Nutr (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.03.025
Wang et al — Am J Otolaryngol (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2022.103548
Zhao et al — BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-05531-7
van Dronkelaar et al — J Am Med Dir Assoc (2023). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2023.05.017
Dominguez et al — Nutrients (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061304
Alalwan et al — Ann Ig (2023). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.7416/ai.2022.2552
Belfort et al — J Nutr Sci (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2023.54
Ramezani et al — PLoS One (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277213
Banerjee et al — J Ren Nutr (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2023.01.007
Tetens et al — J Nutr (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.10.005
Son et al — Obstet Gynecol (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000005058
Kawakita et al — Am J Perinatol (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1739414
Crowther et al — JAMA (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.12357
Vongpatanasin et al — Hypertension (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21932
Sarris J et al. – The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35311615/
Sullivan M et al. – The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34187284/
Chen S et al. – Frontiers in endocrinology (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35795146/
Yuan J et al. – Biological trace element research (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34775542/
Okonkwo M et al. – Obstetrics and gynecology (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35271534/
Scott G et al. – American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32828743/
Asbaghi O et al. – The British journal of nutrition (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35045911/
Kazemi A et al. – Diabetes research and clinical practice (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35963372/
Kazemi M et al. – Human reproduction update (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35639552/
Kim GH – American journal of nephrology (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36450225/
Deledda A et al. – International journal of molecular sciences (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36555859/
Laflamme DP – Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36191141/
Arab et al. — Biol Trace Elem Res (2022). [Systematic review (9 studies)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35184264/
Zhang et al. — CARDIA Study (2022). [Prospective cohort (CARDIA)].
Alexander RT et al. – Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36200584/
Zhang C et al. – Nutrients (2022). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36558392/
Cheung MM et al. – Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) (2022). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35576873/
Baima G et al. – Journal of periodontal research (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34837226/
von Ehrlich B et al. — Nutrition (2022). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35461025/
An et al — J Am Coll Cardiol (2022). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.048
Wang et al — BMJ Open (2022). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056680
Maeda et al — J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.68.189
Mendel et al — Curr Cardiol Rev (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573403X17666210603113430
Besora-Moreno et al — Clin Nutr (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2022.07.035
Zhang et al — Medicine (Baltimore) (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000029642
Schutten et al — J Am Heart Assoc (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.021783
Warady et al — Clin J Am Soc Nephrol (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.02400222
Havrylov et al — Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.5114/ait.2022.123137
Matin et al — Neurol Sci (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05843-6
Córdova et al — Int J Environ Res Public Health (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105938
Chauvin et al — J Clin Immunol (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-021-01137-w
Guimerà et al — Urolithiasis (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-022-01357-8
de Sequera et al — Nefrologia (Engl Ed) (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefroe.2021.12.003
Heo et al — CNS Drugs (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-022-00912-6
Beyuo et al — Int J Gynaecol Obstet (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.14181
Chang et al — J Healthc Eng (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7217543
Tinsley et al — Nutrients (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163321
Reno et al — J Strength Cond Res (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003827
Zanforlini et al — Aging Clin Exp Res (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-021-01921-z
Zhang et al — Nutrients (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173576
Fiorentini D et al. - Nutrients (2021). [Comprehensive Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33670045/
Liu J et al. – Taiwanese journal of obstetrics & gynecology (2021). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34247796/
Doggui R et al. – Nutrients (2021). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33946351/
Silva Filho SE et al. – Brazilian journal of anesthesiology (Elsevier) (2021). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34537125/
Schuetz P et al. – Swiss medical weekly (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34010429/
Costagliola G et al. – Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34371920/
Noah L et al. – Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress (2021). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33864354/
Kleczkowski LA et al. – International journal of molecular sciences (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33503839/
Igamberdiev AU et al. – The Biochemical journal (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33881486/
Mah & Pitre — BMC Complement Med Ther (2021 (updated 2024)). [Meta-analysis (3 RCTs)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8053283/
Fiorentini et al. — Nutrients (2021). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34209735/
Mah & Pitre — BMC Complement Med Ther (2021). [Systematic review & MA (3 RCTs)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33865376/
Pardo MR et al. – Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) (2021). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34111673/
Ellison DH et al. – Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34045316/
Fiorentini D et al. — Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33652833/
Guerrero-Romero F & Rodriguez-Moran M — Diabetes Metab Res Rev (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33047860/
Rosanoff A et al. — Nutr Rev (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33432356/
Barbagallo M & Dominguez LJ — Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33669227/
Rondanelli M et al. — Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34360064/
Ende et al — Obstet Gynecol (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004228
Askari et al — Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (2021). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1790498
Krittanawong et al — Am J Med (2021). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.10.035
Asbaghi et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02157-0
Ramesh et al — J Cardiol (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2021.06.001
Wallace et al — Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (2021). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1810624
Santiago et al — Nutr Rev (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa145
Afitska et al — Magnes Res (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2021.0489
Schutten et al — Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.14350
Standiford et al — Am J Emerg Med (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.010
Kim et al — Adv Ther (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-021-01643-8
Barna et al — Nutr J (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-021-00747-9
Urcun et al — Heart Surg Forum (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1532/hsf.3955
Salman et al — Scand J Surg (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/1457496920962601
Shiraishi et al — Nutrients (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093272
Morishita et al — Am J Gastroenterol (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000942
Rabbani et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02548-3
Kheyruri et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02387-2
Veronese N et al. - European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2020). [Umbrella Meta-Analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31942039/
Pickering G et al. - Nutrients (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33260549/
Garrison SR et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2020). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32956536/
Pourmotabbed A et al. – Public health nutrition (2020). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32174292/
Chang J et al. – Frontiers in medicine (2020). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32850896/
Wrzosek M et al. – Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33076711/
Cooper ID et al. – Open heart (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32938758/
Noah L et al. – Magnesium research (2020). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33210604/
Lai CY et al. – Nutrients (2020). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32635181/
Nath S – Biomolecular concepts (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32827389/
Veronese et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2020). [Meta-analysis (11 RCTs)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32665737/
Maier et al. — Nutrients (2020). [Narrative review]. General
Bordes C et al. – Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32360208/
Botturi A et al. – Nutrients (2020). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32503201/
Pagliai G et al. – Nutrients (2020). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32825400/
Uwitonze AM et al. – The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32084549/
Pickering G et al. — Nutrients (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33255735/
Veronese N et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2020). [SR + meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31853004/
Zhang X et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2020). [SR + meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31399681/
Maier JA et al. — Nutrients (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32108539/
Toi et al — Nutrients (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092722
Craig et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012977.pub2
Ljungberg et al — Int J Environ Res Public Health (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051616
Hedayati et al — J Clin Lab Anal (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.23551
Marques et al — High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev (2020). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40292-019-00355-z
Janjuha et al — Nutrients (2020). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051457
Martínez-Rodríguez et al — Int J Environ Res Public Health (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072227
Lee et al — BMC Anesthesiol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-020-01192-7
Vázquez-Lorente et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082283
Morato-Martínez et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082203
Zajac et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12102961
Gonzalez et al — J Strength Cond Res (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003480
Voskamp et al — Int J Sports Physiol Perform (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0177
Dragomiretska et al — Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S1121-421X.20.02601-X
Mostafa et al — Eur J Pain (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1476
Gaballah et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.19.13550-X
Griffin et al — Circulation (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.045691
Alonso et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061697
Araújo et al — PLoS One (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227497
Hassan et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.20.14012-4
Pickering et al — Anesthesiology (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000003345
Denoble et al — Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100176
Ahmadi et al — Respir Res (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01466-1
Shepherd E et al. – PLoS medicine (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31809499/
Moslehi M et al. – Biological trace element research (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30880352/
Gröber U – International journal of molecular sciences (2019). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31035385/
Marshall NS et al. – Sleep medicine reviews (2019). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31678660/
Salminen W et al. – Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) (2019). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31652632/
Effatpanah M et al. – Psychiatry research (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30807974/
Huang YH et al. – Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30496768/
Uysal N et al. — Nutr Neurosci (2019). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30618020/
Earp et al — Muscle Nerve (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.26650
Matthews et al — Eur J Clin Nutr (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0350-4
Bouida et al — Acad Emerg Med (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.13522
Rizk et al — Cardiorenal Med (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1159/000500612
Ter Meulen et al — PLoS One (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225824
Sundfør et al — Eur J Clin Nutr (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0370-0
Werner et al — Magnes Res (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2019.0457
Kirkland AE et al. - Nutrients (2018). [Systematic Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29673236/
Pouteau E et al. – PloS one (2018). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30562392/
Chung VCH et al. – BMJ open (2018). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29593017/
DiNicolantonio et al. — Open Heart (2018). [Comprehensive review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29387426/
Thorpe J et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2018). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29457627/
Razzaque MS — Nutrients (2018). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30587781/
Workinger JL et al. — Nutrients (2018). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30400332/
Dai Q et al. — Am J Clin Nutr (2018). [Cohort study]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30571591/
Uwitonze AM & Razzaque MS �� J Am Osteopath Assoc (2018). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29480918/
Barić et al — Adv Ther (2018). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-018-0680-6
Lehmann et al — Pharmacotherapy (2018). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.2087
van Dronkelaar et al — J Am Med Dir Assoc (2018). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.05.026
Song et al — Pain Physician (2018). [Meta-Analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29357328/
Corre et al — J Am Soc Nephrol (2018). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2017030267
Lutsey et al — Nutrients (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070884
Kruger et al — Eur J Nutr (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1544-6
Nakayama et al — Clin Exp Nephrol (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-017-1412-y
Armborst et al — Nutrients (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050551
Mohammadzadeh et al — ANZ J Surg (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/ans.14056
Warken et al — An Acad Bras Cienc (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201820170524
Tarleton et al. — PLoS One (2017). [RCT (crossover)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28654669/
McCabe D et al. – JBI database of systematic reviews and implementation reports (2017). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28178022/
Boyle et al. — Nutrients (2017). [Systematic review (18 studies)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28445426/
Schwalfenberg & Genuis — Scientifica (2017). [Comprehensive review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29093983/
Wang et al — Magnes Res (2017). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2018.0430
Joris et al — Sci Rep (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00205-9
Roguin Maor et al — JAMA Intern Med (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.9261
White et al — Nutr Neurosci (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1179/1476830514Y.0000000157
Rimal et al — JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29453467/
Noronha Neto C et al — PLoS One (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168124
Fard et al — Women Health (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2016.1235074
Baaklini et al — Am J Hosp Palliat Care (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909115621895
Zhang Y et al. - Nutrients (2016). [Meta-Analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27275145/
Chiu HY et al. – Pain physician (2016). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26752497/
Pattanittum P et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2016). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27000311/
Rosanoff A et al. – Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) (2016). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26773013/
Costello RB et al. — Nutr Rev (2016). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27150163/
Zheltova AA et al. — Int J Mol Sci (2016). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27338355/
Li et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2016). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010568.pub2
Knapen et al — Eur J Clin Nutr (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.3
Anjum et al — Arch Gynecol Obstet (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-015-3903-y
Anjum et al — Int J Gynaecol Obstet (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.06.056
Martinez et al — J Dairy Sci (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10527
Kashanian et al — J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2015.1083547
Kruger et al — Eur J Nutr (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-1007-x
Gröber et al. — Nutrients (2015). [Comprehensive review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26404370/
Bahtiri E et al. – Acta reumatologica portuguesa (2015). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26922199/
Faramarzi M et al. – Human reproduction (Oxford, England) (2015). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26466913/
Pachman et al — J Clin Oncol (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.58.8533
Supakatisant et al — Matern Child Nutr (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2012.00440.x
Benzaquen et al — Vet J (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.001
Huq et al — BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0520-5
Kass et al — J Int Soc Sports Nutr (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0081-z
PMS epidemiology meta-analysis (2014). [Meta-analysis (17 studies)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3972521/
Maggio M et al. – International journal of endocrinology (2014). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24723948/
Higuera-de la Tijera F et al. – Annals of hepatology (2014). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24756009/
Wang D et al. – Expert opinion on therapeutic targets (2014). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25152202/
Noori N et al. – International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition (2013). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24491880/
Abumaria N et al. – Behavioural pharmacology (2013). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23764903/
Ghanizadeh A – Archives of Iranian medicine (2013). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23808779/
Volpe SL — Adv Nutr (2013). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23674797/
dos Santos et al — Nutr Hosp (2013). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24506401/
Abbasi et al. — Biol Trace Elem Res (2012). [RCT (double-blind)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23853635/
Zhang et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2012). [Meta-analysis (7 cohort studies)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22318649/
Rosanoff A et al. - Nutrition Reviews (2012). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22364157/
Garrison SR et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2012). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22972143/
Zemel MB et al. – Nutrients (2012). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22822451/
Duley L et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2010). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21069663/
Davì G et al. – Cardiovascular therapeutics (2010). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20633024/
Banjanin N & Belojevic G — Magnes Res (2010). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21199787/
Whelan AM et al. – The Canadian journal of clinical pharmacology = Journal canadien de pharmacologie clinique (2009). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19923637/
Quaranta et al. — Magnes Res (2007). [RCT (crossover)].
Proctor ML et al. – BMJ clinical evidence (2007). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19454059/
Kwan I et al. – BMJ clinical evidence (2007). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19454075/
Walker AF et al. – Magnesium research (2003). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14596323/
Morgan PJ et al. – Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC (2002). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12196860/
Durlach J et al. – Magnesium research (2002). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12030424/
Proctor ML et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2001). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11687013/
Marino MR et al. – Clinical pharmacokinetics (2001). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11523726/
Ranade VV et al. – American journal of therapeutics (2001). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11550076/
Iughetti L et al. – Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM (1999). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10854189/
Iughetti L et al. – Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM (1999). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10703531/
Walker et al. - Mg PMS fluid retention (1998). [RCT (crossover)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9861593/
Marchbanks CR – Pharmacotherapy (1993). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8474934/
Stuck AE et al. – Clinical pharmacokinetics (1992). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1551289/
Facchinetti et al. - Mg PMS mood RCT (1991). [RCT (double-blind)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2067759/
Fontana-Klaiber H et al. – Schweizerische Rundschau fur Medizin Praxis = Revue suisse de medecine Praxis (1990). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2349410/
Davies BI et al. – Reviews of infectious diseases (1989). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2570456/
Polk RE – The American journal of medicine (1989). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2686430/
Combs DK et al. – Journal of animal science (1982). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7042673/
Doyle JJ – Journal of animal science (1980). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6995417/
Weisbrode SE et al. – The American journal of pathology (1977). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/143891/
Magnesium and depression: updated meta-analysis. [Meta-analysis]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S106345841830102X
Magnesium and type 2 diabetes: systematic review. [Meta-analysis]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5637834/
Magnesium and sleep quality: systematic review. [Systematic review]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6024559/
Magnesium supplementation for PMS symptoms. [RCT]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110863015000555
Magnesium and chronic fatigue syndrome. [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9703590/
The Benefits of Magnesium Taurine Chelate
Chelated form
Magnesium Taurine Chelate combines magnesium with taurine, an amino acid with calming and cardiovascular-supportive properties. This form is valued for its potential benefits to heart health and relaxation, as both magnesium and taurine independently support cardiovascular function and nervous system calm.
Key Highlights
- Combines magnesium with taurine for cardiovascular support
- Both nutrients independently support heart health
- Taurine provides additional calming and neuroprotective benefits
- Chelated form for good bioavailability
- EFSA: magnesium contributes to normal muscle function, energy metabolism, nervous system function
- Gentle on the digestive system
Biochemistry Timeline
Benefits may begin within 2 to 4 weeks. Cardiovascular and relaxation benefits develop with consistent daily use over 4 to 8 weeks.
Summary
Magnesium Taurine Chelate combines two cardiovascular and calming nutrients in one bioavailable form. It is well-suited for those seeking heart health and relaxation support alongside the broad benefits of magnesium.
FAQs
When should I take magnesium taurate?
It can be taken any time of day. For relaxation benefits, evening use may be preferred. For cardiovascular support, consistency matters more than timing.
Research
Koltover VK – Bio Systems (2026). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41241131/
Patil et al — Int Dent J (2026). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2026.109488
Pickering et al — Aging Clin Exp Res (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03317-9
Ferreira et al — JACC Heart Fail (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2025.102751
Kuusipalo et al — Trials (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-025-09370-z
Moretti et al — Nutrients (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030470
Lim et al — J Med Food (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096620X261430172
Nutrition Reviews 2025 - PMS nutritional interventions SR (2025). [SR of RCTs]. https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article/83/2/280/7659847
Robinson J et al. – Nutrition reviews (2025). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38684926/
Maqrashi NA et al. – Sultan Qaboos University medical journal (2025). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40641714/
Mangal DK et al. – Scientific reports (2025). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41402393/
Safari K et al. – Nutrients (2025). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40284238/
Mazza E et al. – Nutrients (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40647330/
Abidin BM et al. – Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39801180/
Schuster et al. — Nat Sci Sleep (2025). [RCT (placebo-controlled)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12412596/
Antioxidants meta-analysis (2025). [Systematic review & MA (28 studies)]. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/740
Talandashti MK et al. – Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology (2025). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39404918/
McFarlin BK et al. – Journal of medicinal food (2025). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40955524/
Gao X et al. – Journal of hazardous materials (2025). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40068397/
Doshi D et al. – Cureus (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40190829/
Argeros et al — Hypertension (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.125.25129
Bensaaud et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013729.pub2
Ma et al — Pak J Pharm Sci (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.36721/PJPS.2025.38.4.REG.12626.1
Makvandi et al — Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.18295/2075-0528.2885
Luo et al — J Int Soc Sports Nutr (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2467890
Yamashita et al — J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2025.01.007
Zhu et al — J Pain (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105431
Cursino et al — Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2025.101614
Rower et al — J Clin Pharmacol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.6179
Hamamoto et al — Sci Rep (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95095-7
Coates et al — Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0034
Bomar et al — Nutrients (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050915
Li et al — J Ethnopharmacol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2025.119758
Dodd et al — J Psychopharmacol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251381261
George et al — Ann Card Anaesth (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.4103/aca.aca_238_24
Polo-Ferrero et al — Clin Nutr (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2025.02.015
Gracia et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.24.18401-5
Zhang et al — Medicine (Baltimore) (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000045955
Shea et al — Am J Obstet Gynecol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2025.01.032
O'Connor et al — J Hum Nutr Diet (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.70147
Alves de Melo Silva et al — Pregnancy Hypertens (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2025.101391
Gao et al — J Health Popul Nutr (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01199-1
Michelini et al — Skin Res Technol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.70171
Thornton M et al. – Calcified tissue international (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38043101/
González-Parejo P et al. – Nutrients (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39064758/
White SJ et al. – Trauma, violence & abuse (2024). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36825800/
Quist-Nelson J et al. – Pregnancy hypertension (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39018830/
Morgado A et al. – International journal of impotence research (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37697053/
Shaheen RS et al. – BMC women's health (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39054515/
Teixeira IAMA et al. – Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39013697/
D'Elia JA et al. – International journal of molecular sciences (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39337264/
Kröse JL et al. – Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38871680/
Fatima G et al. – Cureus (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39539878/
Hausenblas et al. — Sleep Med X (2024). [RCT]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleepx.2024.100121
PMC12535714 — Mechanisms review (2024). [Narrative review]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12535714/
Breus et al. — Med Res Arch (2024). [RCT (double-blind crossover)]. https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5410
Afshar Ebrahimi et al. — Front Nutr (2024). [Systematic review & MA (7 RCTs)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10783196/
Frediani JK et al. – Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37654090/
Woolhiser E et al. – JMIR dermatology (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39102684/
Ekramzadeh M et al. – Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39110986/
Dowley A et al. – Methods (San Diego, Calif.) (2024). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38608850/
Pajuelo D et al. – Nutrients (2024). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39770988/
Eiser AR – The American journal of medicine (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38942346/
Luo et al — Pediatr Pulmonol (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.27234
Behers et al — Nutrients (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213617
Rizzoli et al — Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000988
Safabakhsh et al — Clin Nutr (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2024.03.030
Carron et al — Br J Anaesth (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2024.08.009
Shepherd et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004661.pub4
Kukendrarajah et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013255.pub2
Ahmed et al — Medicine (Baltimore) (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000039453
Cunha et al — Eur J Pediatr (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-024-05517-3
Philippoteaux et al — Joint Bone Spine (2024). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2024.105714
Almeida et al — Nutr Rev (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad154
Kisters et al — Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.5414/CP204677
Shahmoradi et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03744-7
Abdel Rady et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.24.17868-6
Strodl et al — Sci Rep (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71093-z
Xin et al — J Clin Densitom (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2024.101503
Marinho et al — Res Q Exerc Sport (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2023.2293121
Senda et al — Sci Rep (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73985-6
Hassan et al — Paediatr Anaesth (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.14848
Pendón-Ruiz de Mier et al — Nefrologia (Engl Ed) (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefroe.2024.11.001
Eid et al — Pregnancy Hypertens (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2024.101112
Rouhzendeh et al — BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-024-06831-2
Ye et al — J Arthroplasty (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2024.05.019
Rud et al — Clin Nutr (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2024.05.038
Rondanelli et al — Nutrients (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091369
Pinelli et al — Int J Neurosci (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2023.2178433
Ferreira et al — Clin Nutr (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2024.03.023
Wang H et al. – Journal of affective disorders (2023). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36442656/
Ren Q et al. – Biological trace element research (2023). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36790586/
Shehata MMA et al. – International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36815745/
Elenkov A et al. – Andrology (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36451611/
Kumar C et al. – Indian journal of pediatrics (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35849276/
Nuha K et al. – International journal of environmental research and public health (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37623203/
Macías Ruiz MDC et al. – Nutrients (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37049550/
Kędzierska-Kapuza K et al. – Nutrients (2023). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36839219/
Jabłońska B et al. – Nutrients (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37111210/
Li K et al. – The American journal of Chinese medicine (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37884447/
Moabedi et al. — Front Psychiatry (2023). [Systematic review & MA of RCTs]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1333261
Kurian SJ et al. – Frontiers in endocrinology (2023). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37065742/
Moabedi M et al. – Frontiers in psychiatry (2023). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38213402/
Dangi P et al. – International journal of food microbiology (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36708610/
Dall RD et al. – Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36640582/
Asbaghi O et al. — Biol Trace Elem Res (2023). [SR + meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35435574/
Khetpal et al — Aesthetic Plast Surg (2023). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-023-03298-y
Heybati et al — J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2023.03.018
Tsai et al — Am J Clin Nutr (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.03.025
Wang et al — Am J Otolaryngol (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2022.103548
Zhao et al — BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-05531-7
van Dronkelaar et al — J Am Med Dir Assoc (2023). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2023.05.017
Dominguez et al — Nutrients (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061304
Alalwan et al — Ann Ig (2023). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.7416/ai.2022.2552
Belfort et al — J Nutr Sci (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2023.54
Ramezani et al — PLoS One (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277213
Banerjee et al — J Ren Nutr (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2023.01.007
Tetens et al — J Nutr (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.10.005
Son et al — Obstet Gynecol (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000005058
Kawakita et al — Am J Perinatol (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1739414
Crowther et al — JAMA (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.12357
Vongpatanasin et al — Hypertension (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21932
Sarris J et al. – The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35311615/
Sullivan M et al. – The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34187284/
Chen S et al. – Frontiers in endocrinology (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35795146/
Yuan J et al. – Biological trace element research (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34775542/
Okonkwo M et al. – Obstetrics and gynecology (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35271534/
Scott G et al. – American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32828743/
Asbaghi O et al. – The British journal of nutrition (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35045911/
Kazemi A et al. – Diabetes research and clinical practice (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35963372/
Kazemi M et al. – Human reproduction update (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35639552/
Kim GH – American journal of nephrology (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36450225/
Deledda A et al. – International journal of molecular sciences (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36555859/
Laflamme DP – Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36191141/
Arab et al. — Biol Trace Elem Res (2022). [Systematic review (9 studies)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35184264/
Zhang et al. — CARDIA Study (2022). [Prospective cohort (CARDIA)].
Alexander RT et al. – Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36200584/
Zhang C et al. – Nutrients (2022). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36558392/
Cheung MM et al. – Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) (2022). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35576873/
Baima G et al. – Journal of periodontal research (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34837226/
von Ehrlich B et al. — Nutrition (2022). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35461025/
An et al — J Am Coll Cardiol (2022). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.048
Wang et al — BMJ Open (2022). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056680
Maeda et al — J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.68.189
Mendel et al — Curr Cardiol Rev (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573403X17666210603113430
Besora-Moreno et al — Clin Nutr (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2022.07.035
Zhang et al — Medicine (Baltimore) (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000029642
Schutten et al — J Am Heart Assoc (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.021783
Warady et al — Clin J Am Soc Nephrol (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.02400222
Havrylov et al — Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.5114/ait.2022.123137
Matin et al — Neurol Sci (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05843-6
Córdova et al — Int J Environ Res Public Health (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105938
Chauvin et al — J Clin Immunol (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-021-01137-w
Guimerà et al — Urolithiasis (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-022-01357-8
de Sequera et al — Nefrologia (Engl Ed) (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefroe.2021.12.003
Heo et al — CNS Drugs (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-022-00912-6
Beyuo et al — Int J Gynaecol Obstet (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.14181
Chang et al — J Healthc Eng (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7217543
Tinsley et al — Nutrients (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163321
Reno et al — J Strength Cond Res (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003827
Zanforlini et al — Aging Clin Exp Res (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-021-01921-z
Zhang et al — Nutrients (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173576
Fiorentini D et al. - Nutrients (2021). [Comprehensive Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33670045/
Liu J et al. – Taiwanese journal of obstetrics & gynecology (2021). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34247796/
Doggui R et al. – Nutrients (2021). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33946351/
Silva Filho SE et al. – Brazilian journal of anesthesiology (Elsevier) (2021). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34537125/
Schuetz P et al. – Swiss medical weekly (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34010429/
Costagliola G et al. – Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34371920/
Noah L et al. – Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress (2021). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33864354/
Kleczkowski LA et al. – International journal of molecular sciences (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33503839/
Igamberdiev AU et al. – The Biochemical journal (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33881486/
Mah & Pitre — BMC Complement Med Ther (2021 (updated 2024)). [Meta-analysis (3 RCTs)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8053283/
Fiorentini et al. — Nutrients (2021). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34209735/
Mah & Pitre — BMC Complement Med Ther (2021). [Systematic review & MA (3 RCTs)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33865376/
Pardo MR et al. – Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) (2021). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34111673/
Ellison DH et al. – Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34045316/
Fiorentini D et al. — Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33652833/
Guerrero-Romero F & Rodriguez-Moran M — Diabetes Metab Res Rev (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33047860/
Rosanoff A et al. — Nutr Rev (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33432356/
Barbagallo M & Dominguez LJ — Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33669227/
Rondanelli M et al. — Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34360064/
Ende et al — Obstet Gynecol (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004228
Askari et al — Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (2021). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1790498
Krittanawong et al — Am J Med (2021). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.10.035
Asbaghi et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02157-0
Ramesh et al — J Cardiol (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2021.06.001
Wallace et al — Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (2021). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1810624
Santiago et al — Nutr Rev (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa145
Afitska et al — Magnes Res (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2021.0489
Schutten et al — Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.14350
Standiford et al — Am J Emerg Med (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.010
Kim et al — Adv Ther (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-021-01643-8
Barna et al — Nutr J (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-021-00747-9
Urcun et al — Heart Surg Forum (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1532/hsf.3955
Salman et al — Scand J Surg (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/1457496920962601
Shiraishi et al — Nutrients (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093272
Morishita et al — Am J Gastroenterol (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000942
Rabbani et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02548-3
Kheyruri et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02387-2
Veronese N et al. - European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2020). [Umbrella Meta-Analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31942039/
Pickering G et al. - Nutrients (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33260549/
Garrison SR et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2020). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32956536/
Pourmotabbed A et al. – Public health nutrition (2020). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32174292/
Chang J et al. – Frontiers in medicine (2020). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32850896/
Wrzosek M et al. – Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33076711/
Cooper ID et al. – Open heart (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32938758/
Noah L et al. – Magnesium research (2020). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33210604/
Lai CY et al. – Nutrients (2020). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32635181/
Nath S – Biomolecular concepts (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32827389/
Veronese et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2020). [Meta-analysis (11 RCTs)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32665737/
Maier et al. — Nutrients (2020). [Narrative review]. General
Bordes C et al. – Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32360208/
Botturi A et al. – Nutrients (2020). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32503201/
Pagliai G et al. – Nutrients (2020). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32825400/
Uwitonze AM et al. – The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32084549/
Pickering G et al. — Nutrients (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33255735/
Veronese N et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2020). [SR + meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31853004/
Zhang X et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2020). [SR + meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31399681/
Maier JA et al. — Nutrients (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32108539/
Toi et al — Nutrients (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092722
Craig et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012977.pub2
Ljungberg et al — Int J Environ Res Public Health (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051616
Hedayati et al — J Clin Lab Anal (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.23551
Marques et al — High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev (2020). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40292-019-00355-z
Janjuha et al — Nutrients (2020). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051457
Martínez-Rodríguez et al — Int J Environ Res Public Health (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072227
Lee et al — BMC Anesthesiol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-020-01192-7
Vázquez-Lorente et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082283
Morato-Martínez et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082203
Zajac et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12102961
Gonzalez et al — J Strength Cond Res (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003480
Voskamp et al — Int J Sports Physiol Perform (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0177
Dragomiretska et al — Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S1121-421X.20.02601-X
Mostafa et al — Eur J Pain (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1476
Gaballah et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.19.13550-X
Griffin et al — Circulation (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.045691
Alonso et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061697
Araújo et al — PLoS One (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227497
Hassan et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.20.14012-4
Pickering et al — Anesthesiology (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000003345
Denoble et al — Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100176
Ahmadi et al — Respir Res (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01466-1
Shepherd E et al. – PLoS medicine (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31809499/
Moslehi M et al. – Biological trace element research (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30880352/
Gröber U – International journal of molecular sciences (2019). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31035385/
Marshall NS et al. – Sleep medicine reviews (2019). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31678660/
Salminen W et al. – Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) (2019). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31652632/
Effatpanah M et al. – Psychiatry research (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30807974/
Huang YH et al. – Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30496768/
Uysal N et al. — Nutr Neurosci (2019). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30618020/
Earp et al — Muscle Nerve (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.26650
Matthews et al — Eur J Clin Nutr (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0350-4
Bouida et al — Acad Emerg Med (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.13522
Rizk et al — Cardiorenal Med (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1159/000500612
Ter Meulen et al — PLoS One (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225824
Sundfør et al — Eur J Clin Nutr (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0370-0
Werner et al — Magnes Res (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2019.0457
Kirkland AE et al. - Nutrients (2018). [Systematic Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29673236/
Pouteau E et al. – PloS one (2018). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30562392/
Chung VCH et al. – BMJ open (2018). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29593017/
DiNicolantonio et al. — Open Heart (2018). [Comprehensive review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29387426/
Thorpe J et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2018). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29457627/
Razzaque MS — Nutrients (2018). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30587781/
Workinger JL et al. — Nutrients (2018). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30400332/
Dai Q et al. — Am J Clin Nutr (2018). [Cohort study]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30571591/
Uwitonze AM & Razzaque MS �� J Am Osteopath Assoc (2018). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29480918/
Barić et al — Adv Ther (2018). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-018-0680-6
Lehmann et al — Pharmacotherapy (2018). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.2087
van Dronkelaar et al — J Am Med Dir Assoc (2018). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.05.026
Song et al — Pain Physician (2018). [Meta-Analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29357328/
Corre et al — J Am Soc Nephrol (2018). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2017030267
Lutsey et al — Nutrients (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070884
Kruger et al — Eur J Nutr (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1544-6
Nakayama et al — Clin Exp Nephrol (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-017-1412-y
Armborst et al — Nutrients (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050551
Mohammadzadeh et al — ANZ J Surg (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/ans.14056
Warken et al — An Acad Bras Cienc (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201820170524
Tarleton et al. — PLoS One (2017). [RCT (crossover)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28654669/
McCabe D et al. – JBI database of systematic reviews and implementation reports (2017). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28178022/
Boyle et al. — Nutrients (2017). [Systematic review (18 studies)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28445426/
Schwalfenberg & Genuis — Scientifica (2017). [Comprehensive review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29093983/
Wang et al — Magnes Res (2017). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2018.0430
Joris et al — Sci Rep (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00205-9
Roguin Maor et al — JAMA Intern Med (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.9261
White et al — Nutr Neurosci (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1179/1476830514Y.0000000157
Rimal et al — JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29453467/
Noronha Neto C et al — PLoS One (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168124
Fard et al — Women Health (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2016.1235074
Baaklini et al — Am J Hosp Palliat Care (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909115621895
Zhang Y et al. - Nutrients (2016). [Meta-Analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27275145/
Chiu HY et al. – Pain physician (2016). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26752497/
Pattanittum P et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2016). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27000311/
Rosanoff A et al. – Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) (2016). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26773013/
Costello RB et al. — Nutr Rev (2016). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27150163/
Zheltova AA et al. — Int J Mol Sci (2016). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27338355/
Li et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2016). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010568.pub2
Knapen et al — Eur J Clin Nutr (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.3
Anjum et al — Arch Gynecol Obstet (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-015-3903-y
Anjum et al — Int J Gynaecol Obstet (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.06.056
Martinez et al — J Dairy Sci (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10527
Kashanian et al — J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2015.1083547
Kruger et al — Eur J Nutr (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-1007-x
Gröber et al. — Nutrients (2015). [Comprehensive review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26404370/
Bahtiri E et al. – Acta reumatologica portuguesa (2015). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26922199/
Faramarzi M et al. – Human reproduction (Oxford, England) (2015). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26466913/
Pachman et al — J Clin Oncol (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.58.8533
Supakatisant et al — Matern Child Nutr (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2012.00440.x
Benzaquen et al — Vet J (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.001
Huq et al — BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0520-5
Kass et al — J Int Soc Sports Nutr (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0081-z
PMS epidemiology meta-analysis (2014). [Meta-analysis (17 studies)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3972521/
Maggio M et al. – International journal of endocrinology (2014). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24723948/
Higuera-de la Tijera F et al. – Annals of hepatology (2014). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24756009/
Wang D et al. – Expert opinion on therapeutic targets (2014). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25152202/
Noori N et al. – International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition (2013). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24491880/
Abumaria N et al. – Behavioural pharmacology (2013). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23764903/
Ghanizadeh A – Archives of Iranian medicine (2013). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23808779/
Volpe SL — Adv Nutr (2013). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23674797/
dos Santos et al — Nutr Hosp (2013). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24506401/
Abbasi et al. — Biol Trace Elem Res (2012). [RCT (double-blind)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23853635/
Zhang et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2012). [Meta-analysis (7 cohort studies)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22318649/
Rosanoff A et al. - Nutrition Reviews (2012). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22364157/
Garrison SR et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2012). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22972143/
Zemel MB et al. – Nutrients (2012). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22822451/
Duley L et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2010). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21069663/
Davì G et al. – Cardiovascular therapeutics (2010). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20633024/
Banjanin N & Belojevic G — Magnes Res (2010). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21199787/
Whelan AM et al. – The Canadian journal of clinical pharmacology = Journal canadien de pharmacologie clinique (2009). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19923637/
Quaranta et al. — Magnes Res (2007). [RCT (crossover)].
Proctor ML et al. – BMJ clinical evidence (2007). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19454059/
Kwan I et al. – BMJ clinical evidence (2007). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19454075/
Walker AF et al. – Magnesium research (2003). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14596323/
Morgan PJ et al. – Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC (2002). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12196860/
Durlach J et al. – Magnesium research (2002). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12030424/
Proctor ML et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2001). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11687013/
Marino MR et al. – Clinical pharmacokinetics (2001). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11523726/
Ranade VV et al. – American journal of therapeutics (2001). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11550076/
Iughetti L et al. – Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM (1999). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10854189/
Iughetti L et al. – Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM (1999). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10703531/
Walker et al. - Mg PMS fluid retention (1998). [RCT (crossover)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9861593/
Marchbanks CR – Pharmacotherapy (1993). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8474934/
Stuck AE et al. – Clinical pharmacokinetics (1992). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1551289/
Facchinetti et al. - Mg PMS mood RCT (1991). [RCT (double-blind)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2067759/
Fontana-Klaiber H et al. – Schweizerische Rundschau fur Medizin Praxis = Revue suisse de medecine Praxis (1990). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2349410/
Davies BI et al. – Reviews of infectious diseases (1989). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2570456/
Polk RE – The American journal of medicine (1989). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2686430/
Combs DK et al. – Journal of animal science (1982). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7042673/
Doyle JJ – Journal of animal science (1980). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6995417/
Weisbrode SE et al. – The American journal of pathology (1977). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/143891/
Magnesium and depression: updated meta-analysis. [Meta-analysis]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S106345841830102X
Magnesium and type 2 diabetes: systematic review. [Meta-analysis]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5637834/
Magnesium and sleep quality: systematic review. [Systematic review]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6024559/
Magnesium supplementation for PMS symptoms. [RCT]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110863015000555
Magnesium and chronic fatigue syndrome. [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9703590/
354 studies — Magnesium Taurine Chelate
Koltover VK – Bio Systems (2026). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41241131/
Patil et al — Int Dent J (2026). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2026.109488
Pickering et al — Aging Clin Exp Res (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03317-9
Ferreira et al — JACC Heart Fail (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2025.102751
Kuusipalo et al — Trials (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-025-09370-z
Moretti et al — Nutrients (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030470
Lim et al — J Med Food (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096620X261430172
Nutrition Reviews 2025 - PMS nutritional interventions SR (2025). [SR of RCTs]. https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article/83/2/280/7659847
Robinson J et al. – Nutrition reviews (2025). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38684926/
Maqrashi NA et al. – Sultan Qaboos University medical journal (2025). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40641714/
Mangal DK et al. – Scientific reports (2025). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41402393/
Safari K et al. – Nutrients (2025). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40284238/
Mazza E et al. – Nutrients (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40647330/
Abidin BM et al. – Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39801180/
Schuster et al. — Nat Sci Sleep (2025). [RCT (placebo-controlled)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12412596/
Antioxidants meta-analysis (2025). [Systematic review & MA (28 studies)]. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/740
Talandashti MK et al. – Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology (2025). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39404918/
McFarlin BK et al. – Journal of medicinal food (2025). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40955524/
Gao X et al. – Journal of hazardous materials (2025). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40068397/
Doshi D et al. – Cureus (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40190829/
Argeros et al — Hypertension (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.125.25129
Bensaaud et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013729.pub2
Ma et al — Pak J Pharm Sci (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.36721/PJPS.2025.38.4.REG.12626.1
Makvandi et al — Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.18295/2075-0528.2885
Luo et al — J Int Soc Sports Nutr (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2467890
Yamashita et al — J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2025.01.007
Zhu et al — J Pain (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105431
Cursino et al — Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2025.101614
Rower et al — J Clin Pharmacol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.6179
Hamamoto et al — Sci Rep (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95095-7
Coates et al — Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0034
Bomar et al — Nutrients (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050915
Li et al — J Ethnopharmacol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2025.119758
Dodd et al — J Psychopharmacol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251381261
George et al — Ann Card Anaesth (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.4103/aca.aca_238_24
Polo-Ferrero et al — Clin Nutr (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2025.02.015
Gracia et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.24.18401-5
Zhang et al — Medicine (Baltimore) (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000045955
Shea et al — Am J Obstet Gynecol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2025.01.032
O'Connor et al — J Hum Nutr Diet (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.70147
Alves de Melo Silva et al — Pregnancy Hypertens (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2025.101391
Gao et al — J Health Popul Nutr (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01199-1
Michelini et al — Skin Res Technol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.70171
Thornton M et al. – Calcified tissue international (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38043101/
González-Parejo P et al. – Nutrients (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39064758/
White SJ et al. – Trauma, violence & abuse (2024). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36825800/
Quist-Nelson J et al. – Pregnancy hypertension (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39018830/
Morgado A et al. – International journal of impotence research (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37697053/
Shaheen RS et al. – BMC women's health (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39054515/
Teixeira IAMA et al. – Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39013697/
D'Elia JA et al. – International journal of molecular sciences (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39337264/
Kröse JL et al. – Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38871680/
Fatima G et al. – Cureus (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39539878/
Hausenblas et al. — Sleep Med X (2024). [RCT]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleepx.2024.100121
PMC12535714 — Mechanisms review (2024). [Narrative review]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12535714/
Breus et al. — Med Res Arch (2024). [RCT (double-blind crossover)]. https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5410
Afshar Ebrahimi et al. — Front Nutr (2024). [Systematic review & MA (7 RCTs)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10783196/
Frediani JK et al. – Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37654090/
Woolhiser E et al. – JMIR dermatology (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39102684/
Ekramzadeh M et al. – Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39110986/
Dowley A et al. – Methods (San Diego, Calif.) (2024). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38608850/
Pajuelo D et al. – Nutrients (2024). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39770988/
Eiser AR – The American journal of medicine (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38942346/
Luo et al — Pediatr Pulmonol (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.27234
Behers et al — Nutrients (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213617
Rizzoli et al — Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000988
Safabakhsh et al — Clin Nutr (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2024.03.030
Carron et al — Br J Anaesth (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2024.08.009
Shepherd et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004661.pub4
Kukendrarajah et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013255.pub2
Ahmed et al — Medicine (Baltimore) (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000039453
Cunha et al — Eur J Pediatr (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-024-05517-3
Philippoteaux et al — Joint Bone Spine (2024). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2024.105714
Almeida et al — Nutr Rev (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad154
Kisters et al — Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.5414/CP204677
Shahmoradi et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03744-7
Abdel Rady et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.24.17868-6
Strodl et al — Sci Rep (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71093-z
Xin et al — J Clin Densitom (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2024.101503
Marinho et al — Res Q Exerc Sport (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2023.2293121
Senda et al — Sci Rep (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73985-6
Hassan et al — Paediatr Anaesth (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.14848
Pendón-Ruiz de Mier et al — Nefrologia (Engl Ed) (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefroe.2024.11.001
Eid et al — Pregnancy Hypertens (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2024.101112
Rouhzendeh et al — BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-024-06831-2
Ye et al — J Arthroplasty (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2024.05.019
Rud et al — Clin Nutr (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2024.05.038
Rondanelli et al — Nutrients (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091369
Pinelli et al — Int J Neurosci (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2023.2178433
Ferreira et al — Clin Nutr (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2024.03.023
Wang H et al. – Journal of affective disorders (2023). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36442656/
Ren Q et al. – Biological trace element research (2023). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36790586/
Shehata MMA et al. – International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36815745/
Elenkov A et al. – Andrology (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36451611/
Kumar C et al. – Indian journal of pediatrics (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35849276/
Nuha K et al. – International journal of environmental research and public health (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37623203/
Macías Ruiz MDC et al. – Nutrients (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37049550/
Kędzierska-Kapuza K et al. – Nutrients (2023). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36839219/
Jabłońska B et al. – Nutrients (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37111210/
Li K et al. – The American journal of Chinese medicine (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37884447/
Moabedi et al. — Front Psychiatry (2023). [Systematic review & MA of RCTs]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1333261
Kurian SJ et al. – Frontiers in endocrinology (2023). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37065742/
Moabedi M et al. – Frontiers in psychiatry (2023). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38213402/
Dangi P et al. – International journal of food microbiology (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36708610/
Dall RD et al. – Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36640582/
Asbaghi O et al. — Biol Trace Elem Res (2023). [SR + meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35435574/
Khetpal et al — Aesthetic Plast Surg (2023). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-023-03298-y
Heybati et al — J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2023.03.018
Tsai et al — Am J Clin Nutr (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.03.025
Wang et al — Am J Otolaryngol (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2022.103548
Zhao et al — BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-05531-7
van Dronkelaar et al — J Am Med Dir Assoc (2023). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2023.05.017
Dominguez et al — Nutrients (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061304
Alalwan et al — Ann Ig (2023). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.7416/ai.2022.2552
Belfort et al — J Nutr Sci (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2023.54
Ramezani et al — PLoS One (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277213
Banerjee et al — J Ren Nutr (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2023.01.007
Tetens et al — J Nutr (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.10.005
Son et al — Obstet Gynecol (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000005058
Kawakita et al — Am J Perinatol (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1739414
Crowther et al — JAMA (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.12357
Vongpatanasin et al — Hypertension (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21932
Sarris J et al. – The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35311615/
Sullivan M et al. – The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34187284/
Chen S et al. – Frontiers in endocrinology (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35795146/
Yuan J et al. – Biological trace element research (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34775542/
Okonkwo M et al. – Obstetrics and gynecology (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35271534/
Scott G et al. – American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32828743/
Asbaghi O et al. – The British journal of nutrition (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35045911/
Kazemi A et al. – Diabetes research and clinical practice (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35963372/
Kazemi M et al. – Human reproduction update (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35639552/
Kim GH – American journal of nephrology (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36450225/
Deledda A et al. – International journal of molecular sciences (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36555859/
Laflamme DP – Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36191141/
Arab et al. — Biol Trace Elem Res (2022). [Systematic review (9 studies)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35184264/
Zhang et al. — CARDIA Study (2022). [Prospective cohort (CARDIA)].
Alexander RT et al. – Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36200584/
Zhang C et al. – Nutrients (2022). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36558392/
Cheung MM et al. – Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) (2022). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35576873/
Baima G et al. – Journal of periodontal research (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34837226/
von Ehrlich B et al. — Nutrition (2022). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35461025/
An et al — J Am Coll Cardiol (2022). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.048
Wang et al — BMJ Open (2022). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056680
Maeda et al — J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.68.189
Mendel et al — Curr Cardiol Rev (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573403X17666210603113430
Besora-Moreno et al — Clin Nutr (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2022.07.035
Zhang et al — Medicine (Baltimore) (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000029642
Schutten et al — J Am Heart Assoc (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.021783
Warady et al — Clin J Am Soc Nephrol (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.02400222
Havrylov et al — Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.5114/ait.2022.123137
Matin et al — Neurol Sci (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05843-6
Córdova et al — Int J Environ Res Public Health (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105938
Chauvin et al — J Clin Immunol (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-021-01137-w
Guimerà et al — Urolithiasis (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-022-01357-8
de Sequera et al — Nefrologia (Engl Ed) (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefroe.2021.12.003
Heo et al — CNS Drugs (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-022-00912-6
Beyuo et al — Int J Gynaecol Obstet (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.14181
Chang et al — J Healthc Eng (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7217543
Tinsley et al — Nutrients (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163321
Reno et al — J Strength Cond Res (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003827
Zanforlini et al — Aging Clin Exp Res (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-021-01921-z
Zhang et al — Nutrients (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173576
Fiorentini D et al. - Nutrients (2021). [Comprehensive Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33670045/
Liu J et al. – Taiwanese journal of obstetrics & gynecology (2021). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34247796/
Doggui R et al. – Nutrients (2021). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33946351/
Silva Filho SE et al. – Brazilian journal of anesthesiology (Elsevier) (2021). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34537125/
Schuetz P et al. – Swiss medical weekly (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34010429/
Costagliola G et al. – Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34371920/
Noah L et al. – Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress (2021). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33864354/
Kleczkowski LA et al. – International journal of molecular sciences (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33503839/
Igamberdiev AU et al. – The Biochemical journal (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33881486/
Mah & Pitre — BMC Complement Med Ther (2021 (updated 2024)). [Meta-analysis (3 RCTs)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8053283/
Fiorentini et al. — Nutrients (2021). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34209735/
Mah & Pitre — BMC Complement Med Ther (2021). [Systematic review & MA (3 RCTs)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33865376/
Pardo MR et al. – Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) (2021). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34111673/
Ellison DH et al. – Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34045316/
Fiorentini D et al. — Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33652833/
Guerrero-Romero F & Rodriguez-Moran M — Diabetes Metab Res Rev (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33047860/
Rosanoff A et al. — Nutr Rev (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33432356/
Barbagallo M & Dominguez LJ — Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33669227/
Rondanelli M et al. — Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34360064/
Ende et al — Obstet Gynecol (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004228
Askari et al — Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (2021). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1790498
Krittanawong et al — Am J Med (2021). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.10.035
Asbaghi et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02157-0
Ramesh et al — J Cardiol (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2021.06.001
Wallace et al — Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (2021). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1810624
Santiago et al — Nutr Rev (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa145
Afitska et al — Magnes Res (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2021.0489
Schutten et al — Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.14350
Standiford et al — Am J Emerg Med (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.010
Kim et al — Adv Ther (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-021-01643-8
Barna et al — Nutr J (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-021-00747-9
Urcun et al — Heart Surg Forum (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1532/hsf.3955
Salman et al — Scand J Surg (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/1457496920962601
Shiraishi et al — Nutrients (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093272
Morishita et al — Am J Gastroenterol (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000942
Rabbani et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02548-3
Kheyruri et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02387-2
Veronese N et al. - European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2020). [Umbrella Meta-Analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31942039/
Pickering G et al. - Nutrients (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33260549/
Garrison SR et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2020). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32956536/
Pourmotabbed A et al. – Public health nutrition (2020). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32174292/
Chang J et al. – Frontiers in medicine (2020). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32850896/
Wrzosek M et al. – Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33076711/
Cooper ID et al. – Open heart (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32938758/
Noah L et al. – Magnesium research (2020). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33210604/
Lai CY et al. – Nutrients (2020). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32635181/
Nath S – Biomolecular concepts (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32827389/
Veronese et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2020). [Meta-analysis (11 RCTs)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32665737/
Maier et al. — Nutrients (2020). [Narrative review]. General
Bordes C et al. – Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32360208/
Botturi A et al. – Nutrients (2020). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32503201/
Pagliai G et al. – Nutrients (2020). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32825400/
Uwitonze AM et al. – The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32084549/
Pickering G et al. — Nutrients (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33255735/
Veronese N et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2020). [SR + meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31853004/
Zhang X et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2020). [SR + meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31399681/
Maier JA et al. — Nutrients (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32108539/
Toi et al — Nutrients (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092722
Craig et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012977.pub2
Ljungberg et al — Int J Environ Res Public Health (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051616
Hedayati et al — J Clin Lab Anal (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.23551
Marques et al — High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev (2020). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40292-019-00355-z
Janjuha et al — Nutrients (2020). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051457
Martínez-Rodríguez et al — Int J Environ Res Public Health (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072227
Lee et al — BMC Anesthesiol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-020-01192-7
Vázquez-Lorente et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082283
Morato-Martínez et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082203
Zajac et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12102961
Gonzalez et al — J Strength Cond Res (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003480
Voskamp et al — Int J Sports Physiol Perform (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0177
Dragomiretska et al — Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S1121-421X.20.02601-X
Mostafa et al — Eur J Pain (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1476
Gaballah et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.19.13550-X
Griffin et al — Circulation (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.045691
Alonso et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061697
Araújo et al — PLoS One (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227497
Hassan et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.20.14012-4
Pickering et al — Anesthesiology (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000003345
Denoble et al — Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100176
Ahmadi et al — Respir Res (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01466-1
Shepherd E et al. – PLoS medicine (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31809499/
Moslehi M et al. – Biological trace element research (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30880352/
Gröber U – International journal of molecular sciences (2019). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31035385/
Marshall NS et al. – Sleep medicine reviews (2019). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31678660/
Salminen W et al. – Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) (2019). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31652632/
Effatpanah M et al. – Psychiatry research (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30807974/
Huang YH et al. – Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30496768/
Uysal N et al. — Nutr Neurosci (2019). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30618020/
Earp et al — Muscle Nerve (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.26650
Matthews et al — Eur J Clin Nutr (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0350-4
Bouida et al — Acad Emerg Med (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.13522
Rizk et al — Cardiorenal Med (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1159/000500612
Ter Meulen et al — PLoS One (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225824
Sundfør et al — Eur J Clin Nutr (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0370-0
Werner et al — Magnes Res (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2019.0457
Kirkland AE et al. - Nutrients (2018). [Systematic Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29673236/
Pouteau E et al. – PloS one (2018). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30562392/
Chung VCH et al. – BMJ open (2018). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29593017/
DiNicolantonio et al. — Open Heart (2018). [Comprehensive review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29387426/
Thorpe J et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2018). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29457627/
Razzaque MS — Nutrients (2018). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30587781/
Workinger JL et al. — Nutrients (2018). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30400332/
Dai Q et al. — Am J Clin Nutr (2018). [Cohort study]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30571591/
Uwitonze AM & Razzaque MS �� J Am Osteopath Assoc (2018). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29480918/
Barić et al — Adv Ther (2018). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-018-0680-6
Lehmann et al — Pharmacotherapy (2018). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.2087
van Dronkelaar et al — J Am Med Dir Assoc (2018). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.05.026
Song et al — Pain Physician (2018). [Meta-Analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29357328/
Corre et al — J Am Soc Nephrol (2018). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2017030267
Lutsey et al — Nutrients (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070884
Kruger et al — Eur J Nutr (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1544-6
Nakayama et al — Clin Exp Nephrol (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-017-1412-y
Armborst et al — Nutrients (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050551
Mohammadzadeh et al — ANZ J Surg (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/ans.14056
Warken et al — An Acad Bras Cienc (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201820170524
Tarleton et al. — PLoS One (2017). [RCT (crossover)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28654669/
McCabe D et al. – JBI database of systematic reviews and implementation reports (2017). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28178022/
Boyle et al. — Nutrients (2017). [Systematic review (18 studies)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28445426/
Schwalfenberg & Genuis — Scientifica (2017). [Comprehensive review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29093983/
Wang et al — Magnes Res (2017). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2018.0430
Joris et al — Sci Rep (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00205-9
Roguin Maor et al — JAMA Intern Med (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.9261
White et al — Nutr Neurosci (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1179/1476830514Y.0000000157
Rimal et al — JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29453467/
Noronha Neto C et al — PLoS One (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168124
Fard et al — Women Health (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2016.1235074
Baaklini et al — Am J Hosp Palliat Care (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909115621895
Zhang Y et al. - Nutrients (2016). [Meta-Analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27275145/
Chiu HY et al. – Pain physician (2016). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26752497/
Pattanittum P et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2016). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27000311/
Rosanoff A et al. – Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) (2016). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26773013/
Costello RB et al. — Nutr Rev (2016). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27150163/
Zheltova AA et al. — Int J Mol Sci (2016). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27338355/
Li et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2016). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010568.pub2
Knapen et al — Eur J Clin Nutr (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.3
Anjum et al — Arch Gynecol Obstet (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-015-3903-y
Anjum et al — Int J Gynaecol Obstet (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.06.056
Martinez et al — J Dairy Sci (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10527
Kashanian et al — J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2015.1083547
Kruger et al — Eur J Nutr (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-1007-x
Gröber et al. — Nutrients (2015). [Comprehensive review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26404370/
Bahtiri E et al. – Acta reumatologica portuguesa (2015). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26922199/
Faramarzi M et al. – Human reproduction (Oxford, England) (2015). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26466913/
Pachman et al — J Clin Oncol (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.58.8533
Supakatisant et al — Matern Child Nutr (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2012.00440.x
Benzaquen et al — Vet J (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.001
Huq et al — BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0520-5
Kass et al — J Int Soc Sports Nutr (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0081-z
PMS epidemiology meta-analysis (2014). [Meta-analysis (17 studies)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3972521/
Maggio M et al. – International journal of endocrinology (2014). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24723948/
Higuera-de la Tijera F et al. – Annals of hepatology (2014). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24756009/
Wang D et al. – Expert opinion on therapeutic targets (2014). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25152202/
Noori N et al. – International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition (2013). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24491880/
Abumaria N et al. – Behavioural pharmacology (2013). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23764903/
Ghanizadeh A – Archives of Iranian medicine (2013). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23808779/
Volpe SL — Adv Nutr (2013). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23674797/
dos Santos et al — Nutr Hosp (2013). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24506401/
Abbasi et al. — Biol Trace Elem Res (2012). [RCT (double-blind)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23853635/
Zhang et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2012). [Meta-analysis (7 cohort studies)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22318649/
Rosanoff A et al. - Nutrition Reviews (2012). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22364157/
Garrison SR et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2012). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22972143/
Zemel MB et al. – Nutrients (2012). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22822451/
Duley L et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2010). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21069663/
Davì G et al. – Cardiovascular therapeutics (2010). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20633024/
Banjanin N & Belojevic G — Magnes Res (2010). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21199787/
Whelan AM et al. – The Canadian journal of clinical pharmacology = Journal canadien de pharmacologie clinique (2009). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19923637/
Quaranta et al. — Magnes Res (2007). [RCT (crossover)].
Proctor ML et al. – BMJ clinical evidence (2007). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19454059/
Kwan I et al. – BMJ clinical evidence (2007). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19454075/
Walker AF et al. – Magnesium research (2003). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14596323/
Morgan PJ et al. – Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC (2002). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12196860/
Durlach J et al. – Magnesium research (2002). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12030424/
Proctor ML et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2001). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11687013/
Marino MR et al. – Clinical pharmacokinetics (2001). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11523726/
Ranade VV et al. – American journal of therapeutics (2001). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11550076/
Iughetti L et al. – Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM (1999). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10854189/
Iughetti L et al. – Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM (1999). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10703531/
Walker et al. - Mg PMS fluid retention (1998). [RCT (crossover)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9861593/
Marchbanks CR – Pharmacotherapy (1993). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8474934/
Stuck AE et al. – Clinical pharmacokinetics (1992). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1551289/
Facchinetti et al. - Mg PMS mood RCT (1991). [RCT (double-blind)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2067759/
Fontana-Klaiber H et al. – Schweizerische Rundschau fur Medizin Praxis = Revue suisse de medecine Praxis (1990). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2349410/
Davies BI et al. – Reviews of infectious diseases (1989). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2570456/
Polk RE – The American journal of medicine (1989). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2686430/
Combs DK et al. – Journal of animal science (1982). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7042673/
Doyle JJ – Journal of animal science (1980). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6995417/
Weisbrode SE et al. – The American journal of pathology (1977). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/143891/
Magnesium and depression: updated meta-analysis. [Meta-analysis]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S106345841830102X
Magnesium and type 2 diabetes: systematic review. [Meta-analysis]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5637834/
Magnesium and sleep quality: systematic review. [Systematic review]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6024559/
Magnesium supplementation for PMS symptoms. [RCT]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110863015000555
Magnesium and chronic fatigue syndrome. [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9703590/
The Benefits of Magnesium Malate
Malate Form
Magnesium Malate combines magnesium with malic acid, a compound naturally found in fruits (especially apples). This form is valued for its excellent bioavailability and is particularly associated with energy production support, as malic acid itself plays a role in the citric acid cycle. It is gentle on the stomach and well-tolerated.
Key Highlights
- Chelated form: magnesium bound to malic acid for enhanced absorption
- Dual energy support: both magnesium and malic acid support ATP production
- Gentle on the stomach compared to magnesium oxide
- EFSA: contributes to normal energy metabolism, reduction of tiredness, muscle function, nervous system function
- Malic acid is a natural citric acid cycle intermediate
- Well-suited for energy and muscle support
Biochemistry Timeline
Magnesium malate is well-absorbed and benefits can begin within 1 to 4 weeks. Energy and muscle comfort improvements are often noticed relatively quickly. Full effects on sleep, mood, and stress resilience typically develop over 4 to 8 weeks of consistent use.
Summary
Magnesium Malate combines magnesium with malic acid for dual energy production support. It is well-absorbed, gentle on the stomach, and supports energy metabolism, muscle function, and nervous system health. This form is particularly relevant for those seeking an energy-focused magnesium supplement.
FAQs
How is magnesium malate different from bisglycinate?
Malate is paired with malic acid (energy focus), while bisglycinate is paired with glycine (calming/sleep focus). Both are well-absorbed. Choose malate for daytime energy support and bisglycinate for evening/relaxation support.
Research
Koltover VK – Bio Systems (2026). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41241131/
Patil et al — Int Dent J (2026). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2026.109488
Pickering et al — Aging Clin Exp Res (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03317-9
Ferreira et al — JACC Heart Fail (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2025.102751
Kuusipalo et al — Trials (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-025-09370-z
Moretti et al — Nutrients (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030470
Lim et al — J Med Food (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096620X261430172
Nutrition Reviews 2025 - PMS nutritional interventions SR (2025). [SR of RCTs]. https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article/83/2/280/7659847
Robinson J et al. – Nutrition reviews (2025). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38684926/
Maqrashi NA et al. – Sultan Qaboos University medical journal (2025). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40641714/
Mangal DK et al. – Scientific reports (2025). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41402393/
Safari K et al. – Nutrients (2025). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40284238/
Mazza E et al. – Nutrients (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40647330/
Abidin BM et al. – Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39801180/
Schuster et al. — Nat Sci Sleep (2025). [RCT (placebo-controlled)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12412596/
Antioxidants meta-analysis (2025). [Systematic review & MA (28 studies)]. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/740
Talandashti MK et al. – Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology (2025). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39404918/
McFarlin BK et al. – Journal of medicinal food (2025). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40955524/
Gao X et al. – Journal of hazardous materials (2025). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40068397/
Doshi D et al. – Cureus (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40190829/
Argeros et al — Hypertension (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.125.25129
Bensaaud et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013729.pub2
Ma et al — Pak J Pharm Sci (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.36721/PJPS.2025.38.4.REG.12626.1
Makvandi et al — Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.18295/2075-0528.2885
Luo et al — J Int Soc Sports Nutr (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2467890
Yamashita et al — J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2025.01.007
Zhu et al — J Pain (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105431
Cursino et al — Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2025.101614
Rower et al — J Clin Pharmacol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.6179
Hamamoto et al — Sci Rep (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95095-7
Coates et al — Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0034
Bomar et al — Nutrients (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050915
Li et al — J Ethnopharmacol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2025.119758
Dodd et al — J Psychopharmacol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251381261
George et al — Ann Card Anaesth (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.4103/aca.aca_238_24
Polo-Ferrero et al — Clin Nutr (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2025.02.015
Gracia et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.24.18401-5
Zhang et al — Medicine (Baltimore) (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000045955
Shea et al — Am J Obstet Gynecol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2025.01.032
O'Connor et al — J Hum Nutr Diet (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.70147
Alves de Melo Silva et al — Pregnancy Hypertens (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2025.101391
Gao et al — J Health Popul Nutr (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01199-1
Michelini et al — Skin Res Technol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.70171
Thornton M et al. – Calcified tissue international (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38043101/
González-Parejo P et al. – Nutrients (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39064758/
White SJ et al. – Trauma, violence & abuse (2024). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36825800/
Quist-Nelson J et al. – Pregnancy hypertension (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39018830/
Morgado A et al. – International journal of impotence research (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37697053/
Shaheen RS et al. – BMC women's health (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39054515/
Teixeira IAMA et al. – Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39013697/
D'Elia JA et al. – International journal of molecular sciences (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39337264/
Kröse JL et al. – Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38871680/
Fatima G et al. – Cureus (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39539878/
Hausenblas et al. — Sleep Med X (2024). [RCT]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleepx.2024.100121
PMC12535714 — Mechanisms review (2024). [Narrative review]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12535714/
Breus et al. — Med Res Arch (2024). [RCT (double-blind crossover)]. https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5410
Afshar Ebrahimi et al. — Front Nutr (2024). [Systematic review & MA (7 RCTs)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10783196/
Frediani JK et al. – Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37654090/
Woolhiser E et al. – JMIR dermatology (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39102684/
Ekramzadeh M et al. – Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39110986/
Dowley A et al. – Methods (San Diego, Calif.) (2024). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38608850/
Pajuelo D et al. – Nutrients (2024). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39770988/
Eiser AR – The American journal of medicine (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38942346/
Luo et al — Pediatr Pulmonol (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.27234
Behers et al — Nutrients (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213617
Rizzoli et al — Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000988
Safabakhsh et al — Clin Nutr (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2024.03.030
Carron et al — Br J Anaesth (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2024.08.009
Shepherd et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004661.pub4
Kukendrarajah et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013255.pub2
Ahmed et al — Medicine (Baltimore) (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000039453
Cunha et al — Eur J Pediatr (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-024-05517-3
Philippoteaux et al — Joint Bone Spine (2024). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2024.105714
Almeida et al — Nutr Rev (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad154
Kisters et al — Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.5414/CP204677
Shahmoradi et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03744-7
Abdel Rady et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.24.17868-6
Strodl et al — Sci Rep (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71093-z
Xin et al — J Clin Densitom (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2024.101503
Marinho et al — Res Q Exerc Sport (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2023.2293121
Senda et al — Sci Rep (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73985-6
Hassan et al — Paediatr Anaesth (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.14848
Pendón-Ruiz de Mier et al — Nefrologia (Engl Ed) (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefroe.2024.11.001
Eid et al — Pregnancy Hypertens (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2024.101112
Rouhzendeh et al — BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-024-06831-2
Ye et al — J Arthroplasty (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2024.05.019
Rud et al — Clin Nutr (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2024.05.038
Rondanelli et al — Nutrients (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091369
Pinelli et al — Int J Neurosci (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2023.2178433
Ferreira et al — Clin Nutr (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2024.03.023
Wang H et al. – Journal of affective disorders (2023). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36442656/
Ren Q et al. – Biological trace element research (2023). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36790586/
Shehata MMA et al. – International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36815745/
Elenkov A et al. – Andrology (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36451611/
Kumar C et al. – Indian journal of pediatrics (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35849276/
Nuha K et al. – International journal of environmental research and public health (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37623203/
Macías Ruiz MDC et al. – Nutrients (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37049550/
Kędzierska-Kapuza K et al. – Nutrients (2023). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36839219/
Jabłońska B et al. – Nutrients (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37111210/
Li K et al. – The American journal of Chinese medicine (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37884447/
Moabedi et al. — Front Psychiatry (2023). [Systematic review & MA of RCTs]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1333261
Kurian SJ et al. – Frontiers in endocrinology (2023). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37065742/
Moabedi M et al. – Frontiers in psychiatry (2023). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38213402/
Dangi P et al. – International journal of food microbiology (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36708610/
Dall RD et al. – Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36640582/
Asbaghi O et al. — Biol Trace Elem Res (2023). [SR + meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35435574/
Khetpal et al — Aesthetic Plast Surg (2023). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-023-03298-y
Heybati et al — J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2023.03.018
Tsai et al — Am J Clin Nutr (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.03.025
Wang et al — Am J Otolaryngol (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2022.103548
Zhao et al — BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-05531-7
van Dronkelaar et al — J Am Med Dir Assoc (2023). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2023.05.017
Dominguez et al — Nutrients (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061304
Alalwan et al — Ann Ig (2023). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.7416/ai.2022.2552
Belfort et al — J Nutr Sci (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2023.54
Ramezani et al — PLoS One (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277213
Banerjee et al — J Ren Nutr (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2023.01.007
Tetens et al — J Nutr (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.10.005
Son et al — Obstet Gynecol (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000005058
Kawakita et al — Am J Perinatol (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1739414
Crowther et al — JAMA (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.12357
Vongpatanasin et al — Hypertension (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21932
Sarris J et al. – The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35311615/
Sullivan M et al. – The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34187284/
Chen S et al. – Frontiers in endocrinology (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35795146/
Yuan J et al. – Biological trace element research (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34775542/
Okonkwo M et al. – Obstetrics and gynecology (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35271534/
Scott G et al. – American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32828743/
Asbaghi O et al. – The British journal of nutrition (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35045911/
Kazemi A et al. – Diabetes research and clinical practice (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35963372/
Kazemi M et al. – Human reproduction update (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35639552/
Kim GH – American journal of nephrology (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36450225/
Deledda A et al. – International journal of molecular sciences (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36555859/
Laflamme DP – Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36191141/
Arab et al. — Biol Trace Elem Res (2022). [Systematic review (9 studies)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35184264/
Zhang et al. — CARDIA Study (2022). [Prospective cohort (CARDIA)].
Alexander RT et al. – Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36200584/
Zhang C et al. – Nutrients (2022). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36558392/
Cheung MM et al. – Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) (2022). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35576873/
Baima G et al. – Journal of periodontal research (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34837226/
von Ehrlich B et al. — Nutrition (2022). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35461025/
An et al — J Am Coll Cardiol (2022). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.048
Wang et al — BMJ Open (2022). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056680
Maeda et al — J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.68.189
Mendel et al — Curr Cardiol Rev (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573403X17666210603113430
Besora-Moreno et al — Clin Nutr (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2022.07.035
Zhang et al — Medicine (Baltimore) (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000029642
Schutten et al — J Am Heart Assoc (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.021783
Warady et al — Clin J Am Soc Nephrol (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.02400222
Havrylov et al — Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.5114/ait.2022.123137
Matin et al — Neurol Sci (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05843-6
Córdova et al — Int J Environ Res Public Health (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105938
Chauvin et al — J Clin Immunol (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-021-01137-w
Guimerà et al — Urolithiasis (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-022-01357-8
de Sequera et al — Nefrologia (Engl Ed) (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefroe.2021.12.003
Heo et al — CNS Drugs (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-022-00912-6
Beyuo et al — Int J Gynaecol Obstet (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.14181
Chang et al — J Healthc Eng (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7217543
Tinsley et al — Nutrients (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163321
Reno et al — J Strength Cond Res (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003827
Zanforlini et al — Aging Clin Exp Res (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-021-01921-z
Zhang et al — Nutrients (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173576
Fiorentini D et al. - Nutrients (2021). [Comprehensive Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33670045/
Liu J et al. – Taiwanese journal of obstetrics & gynecology (2021). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34247796/
Doggui R et al. – Nutrients (2021). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33946351/
Silva Filho SE et al. – Brazilian journal of anesthesiology (Elsevier) (2021). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34537125/
Schuetz P et al. – Swiss medical weekly (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34010429/
Costagliola G et al. – Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34371920/
Noah L et al. – Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress (2021). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33864354/
Kleczkowski LA et al. – International journal of molecular sciences (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33503839/
Igamberdiev AU et al. – The Biochemical journal (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33881486/
Mah & Pitre — BMC Complement Med Ther (2021 (updated 2024)). [Meta-analysis (3 RCTs)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8053283/
Fiorentini et al. — Nutrients (2021). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34209735/
Mah & Pitre — BMC Complement Med Ther (2021). [Systematic review & MA (3 RCTs)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33865376/
Pardo MR et al. – Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) (2021). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34111673/
Ellison DH et al. – Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34045316/
Fiorentini D et al. — Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33652833/
Guerrero-Romero F & Rodriguez-Moran M — Diabetes Metab Res Rev (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33047860/
Rosanoff A et al. — Nutr Rev (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33432356/
Barbagallo M & Dominguez LJ — Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33669227/
Rondanelli M et al. — Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34360064/
Ende et al — Obstet Gynecol (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004228
Askari et al — Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (2021). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1790498
Krittanawong et al — Am J Med (2021). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.10.035
Asbaghi et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02157-0
Ramesh et al — J Cardiol (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2021.06.001
Wallace et al — Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (2021). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1810624
Santiago et al — Nutr Rev (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa145
Afitska et al — Magnes Res (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2021.0489
Schutten et al — Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.14350
Standiford et al — Am J Emerg Med (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.010
Kim et al — Adv Ther (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-021-01643-8
Barna et al — Nutr J (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-021-00747-9
Urcun et al — Heart Surg Forum (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1532/hsf.3955
Salman et al — Scand J Surg (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/1457496920962601
Shiraishi et al — Nutrients (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093272
Morishita et al — Am J Gastroenterol (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000942
Rabbani et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02548-3
Kheyruri et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02387-2
Veronese N et al. - European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2020). [Umbrella Meta-Analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31942039/
Pickering G et al. - Nutrients (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33260549/
Garrison SR et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2020). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32956536/
Pourmotabbed A et al. – Public health nutrition (2020). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32174292/
Chang J et al. – Frontiers in medicine (2020). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32850896/
Wrzosek M et al. – Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33076711/
Cooper ID et al. – Open heart (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32938758/
Noah L et al. – Magnesium research (2020). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33210604/
Lai CY et al. – Nutrients (2020). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32635181/
Nath S – Biomolecular concepts (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32827389/
Veronese et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2020). [Meta-analysis (11 RCTs)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32665737/
Maier et al. — Nutrients (2020). [Narrative review]. General
Bordes C et al. – Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32360208/
Botturi A et al. – Nutrients (2020). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32503201/
Pagliai G et al. – Nutrients (2020). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32825400/
Uwitonze AM et al. – The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32084549/
Pickering G et al. — Nutrients (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33255735/
Veronese N et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2020). [SR + meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31853004/
Zhang X et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2020). [SR + meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31399681/
Maier JA et al. — Nutrients (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32108539/
Toi et al — Nutrients (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092722
Craig et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012977.pub2
Ljungberg et al — Int J Environ Res Public Health (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051616
Hedayati et al — J Clin Lab Anal (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.23551
Marques et al — High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev (2020). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40292-019-00355-z
Janjuha et al — Nutrients (2020). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051457
Martínez-Rodríguez et al — Int J Environ Res Public Health (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072227
Lee et al — BMC Anesthesiol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-020-01192-7
Vázquez-Lorente et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082283
Morato-Martínez et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082203
Zajac et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12102961
Gonzalez et al — J Strength Cond Res (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003480
Voskamp et al — Int J Sports Physiol Perform (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0177
Dragomiretska et al — Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S1121-421X.20.02601-X
Mostafa et al — Eur J Pain (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1476
Gaballah et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.19.13550-X
Griffin et al — Circulation (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.045691
Alonso et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061697
Araújo et al — PLoS One (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227497
Hassan et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.20.14012-4
Pickering et al — Anesthesiology (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000003345
Denoble et al — Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100176
Ahmadi et al — Respir Res (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01466-1
Shepherd E et al. – PLoS medicine (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31809499/
Moslehi M et al. – Biological trace element research (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30880352/
Gröber U – International journal of molecular sciences (2019). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31035385/
Marshall NS et al. – Sleep medicine reviews (2019). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31678660/
Salminen W et al. – Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) (2019). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31652632/
Effatpanah M et al. – Psychiatry research (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30807974/
Huang YH et al. – Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30496768/
Uysal N et al. — Nutr Neurosci (2019). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30618020/
Earp et al — Muscle Nerve (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.26650
Matthews et al — Eur J Clin Nutr (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0350-4
Bouida et al — Acad Emerg Med (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.13522
Rizk et al — Cardiorenal Med (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1159/000500612
Ter Meulen et al — PLoS One (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225824
Sundfør et al — Eur J Clin Nutr (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0370-0
Werner et al — Magnes Res (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2019.0457
Kirkland AE et al. - Nutrients (2018). [Systematic Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29673236/
Pouteau E et al. – PloS one (2018). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30562392/
Chung VCH et al. – BMJ open (2018). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29593017/
DiNicolantonio et al. — Open Heart (2018). [Comprehensive review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29387426/
Thorpe J et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2018). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29457627/
Razzaque MS — Nutrients (2018). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30587781/
Workinger JL et al. — Nutrients (2018). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30400332/
Dai Q et al. — Am J Clin Nutr (2018). [Cohort study]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30571591/
Uwitonze AM & Razzaque MS �� J Am Osteopath Assoc (2018). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29480918/
Barić et al — Adv Ther (2018). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-018-0680-6
Lehmann et al — Pharmacotherapy (2018). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.2087
van Dronkelaar et al — J Am Med Dir Assoc (2018). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.05.026
Song et al — Pain Physician (2018). [Meta-Analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29357328/
Corre et al — J Am Soc Nephrol (2018). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2017030267
Lutsey et al — Nutrients (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070884
Kruger et al — Eur J Nutr (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1544-6
Nakayama et al — Clin Exp Nephrol (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-017-1412-y
Armborst et al — Nutrients (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050551
Mohammadzadeh et al — ANZ J Surg (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/ans.14056
Warken et al — An Acad Bras Cienc (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201820170524
Tarleton et al. — PLoS One (2017). [RCT (crossover)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28654669/
McCabe D et al. – JBI database of systematic reviews and implementation reports (2017). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28178022/
Boyle et al. — Nutrients (2017). [Systematic review (18 studies)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28445426/
Schwalfenberg & Genuis — Scientifica (2017). [Comprehensive review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29093983/
Wang et al — Magnes Res (2017). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2018.0430
Joris et al — Sci Rep (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00205-9
Roguin Maor et al — JAMA Intern Med (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.9261
White et al — Nutr Neurosci (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1179/1476830514Y.0000000157
Rimal et al — JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29453467/
Noronha Neto C et al — PLoS One (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168124
Fard et al — Women Health (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2016.1235074
Baaklini et al — Am J Hosp Palliat Care (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909115621895
Zhang Y et al. - Nutrients (2016). [Meta-Analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27275145/
Chiu HY et al. – Pain physician (2016). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26752497/
Pattanittum P et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2016). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27000311/
Rosanoff A et al. – Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) (2016). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26773013/
Costello RB et al. — Nutr Rev (2016). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27150163/
Zheltova AA et al. — Int J Mol Sci (2016). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27338355/
Li et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2016). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010568.pub2
Knapen et al — Eur J Clin Nutr (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.3
Anjum et al — Arch Gynecol Obstet (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-015-3903-y
Anjum et al — Int J Gynaecol Obstet (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.06.056
Martinez et al — J Dairy Sci (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10527
Kashanian et al — J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2015.1083547
Kruger et al — Eur J Nutr (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-1007-x
Gröber et al. — Nutrients (2015). [Comprehensive review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26404370/
Bahtiri E et al. – Acta reumatologica portuguesa (2015). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26922199/
Faramarzi M et al. – Human reproduction (Oxford, England) (2015). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26466913/
Pachman et al — J Clin Oncol (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.58.8533
Supakatisant et al — Matern Child Nutr (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2012.00440.x
Benzaquen et al — Vet J (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.001
Huq et al — BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0520-5
Kass et al — J Int Soc Sports Nutr (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0081-z
PMS epidemiology meta-analysis (2014). [Meta-analysis (17 studies)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3972521/
Maggio M et al. – International journal of endocrinology (2014). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24723948/
Higuera-de la Tijera F et al. – Annals of hepatology (2014). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24756009/
Wang D et al. – Expert opinion on therapeutic targets (2014). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25152202/
Noori N et al. – International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition (2013). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24491880/
Abumaria N et al. – Behavioural pharmacology (2013). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23764903/
Ghanizadeh A – Archives of Iranian medicine (2013). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23808779/
Volpe SL — Adv Nutr (2013). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23674797/
dos Santos et al — Nutr Hosp (2013). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24506401/
Abbasi et al. — Biol Trace Elem Res (2012). [RCT (double-blind)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23853635/
Zhang et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2012). [Meta-analysis (7 cohort studies)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22318649/
Rosanoff A et al. - Nutrition Reviews (2012). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22364157/
Garrison SR et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2012). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22972143/
Zemel MB et al. – Nutrients (2012). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22822451/
Duley L et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2010). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21069663/
Davì G et al. – Cardiovascular therapeutics (2010). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20633024/
Banjanin N & Belojevic G — Magnes Res (2010). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21199787/
Whelan AM et al. – The Canadian journal of clinical pharmacology = Journal canadien de pharmacologie clinique (2009). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19923637/
Quaranta et al. — Magnes Res (2007). [RCT (crossover)].
Proctor ML et al. – BMJ clinical evidence (2007). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19454059/
Kwan I et al. – BMJ clinical evidence (2007). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19454075/
Walker AF et al. – Magnesium research (2003). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14596323/
Morgan PJ et al. – Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC (2002). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12196860/
Durlach J et al. – Magnesium research (2002). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12030424/
Proctor ML et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2001). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11687013/
Marino MR et al. – Clinical pharmacokinetics (2001). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11523726/
Ranade VV et al. – American journal of therapeutics (2001). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11550076/
Iughetti L et al. – Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM (1999). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10854189/
Iughetti L et al. – Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM (1999). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10703531/
Walker et al. - Mg PMS fluid retention (1998). [RCT (crossover)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9861593/
Marchbanks CR – Pharmacotherapy (1993). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8474934/
Stuck AE et al. – Clinical pharmacokinetics (1992). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1551289/
Facchinetti et al. - Mg PMS mood RCT (1991). [RCT (double-blind)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2067759/
Fontana-Klaiber H et al. – Schweizerische Rundschau fur Medizin Praxis = Revue suisse de medecine Praxis (1990). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2349410/
Davies BI et al. – Reviews of infectious diseases (1989). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2570456/
Polk RE – The American journal of medicine (1989). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2686430/
Combs DK et al. – Journal of animal science (1982). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7042673/
Doyle JJ – Journal of animal science (1980). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6995417/
Weisbrode SE et al. – The American journal of pathology (1977). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/143891/
Magnesium and depression: updated meta-analysis. [Meta-analysis]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S106345841830102X
Magnesium and type 2 diabetes: systematic review. [Meta-analysis]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5637834/
Magnesium and sleep quality: systematic review. [Systematic review]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6024559/
Magnesium supplementation for PMS symptoms. [RCT]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110863015000555
Magnesium and chronic fatigue syndrome. [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9703590/
354 studies — Magnesium Malate
Koltover VK – Bio Systems (2026). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41241131/
Patil et al — Int Dent J (2026). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2026.109488
Pickering et al — Aging Clin Exp Res (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03317-9
Ferreira et al — JACC Heart Fail (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2025.102751
Kuusipalo et al — Trials (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-025-09370-z
Moretti et al — Nutrients (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030470
Lim et al — J Med Food (2026). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096620X261430172
Nutrition Reviews 2025 - PMS nutritional interventions SR (2025). [SR of RCTs]. https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article/83/2/280/7659847
Robinson J et al. – Nutrition reviews (2025). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38684926/
Maqrashi NA et al. – Sultan Qaboos University medical journal (2025). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40641714/
Mangal DK et al. – Scientific reports (2025). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41402393/
Safari K et al. – Nutrients (2025). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40284238/
Mazza E et al. – Nutrients (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40647330/
Abidin BM et al. – Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39801180/
Schuster et al. — Nat Sci Sleep (2025). [RCT (placebo-controlled)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12412596/
Antioxidants meta-analysis (2025). [Systematic review & MA (28 studies)]. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/740
Talandashti MK et al. – Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology (2025). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39404918/
McFarlin BK et al. – Journal of medicinal food (2025). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40955524/
Gao X et al. – Journal of hazardous materials (2025). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40068397/
Doshi D et al. – Cureus (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40190829/
Argeros et al — Hypertension (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.125.25129
Bensaaud et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013729.pub2
Ma et al — Pak J Pharm Sci (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.36721/PJPS.2025.38.4.REG.12626.1
Makvandi et al — Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.18295/2075-0528.2885
Luo et al — J Int Soc Sports Nutr (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2467890
Yamashita et al — J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2025.01.007
Zhu et al — J Pain (2025). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105431
Cursino et al — Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2025.101614
Rower et al — J Clin Pharmacol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.6179
Hamamoto et al — Sci Rep (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95095-7
Coates et al — Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0034
Bomar et al — Nutrients (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050915
Li et al — J Ethnopharmacol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2025.119758
Dodd et al — J Psychopharmacol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811251381261
George et al — Ann Card Anaesth (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.4103/aca.aca_238_24
Polo-Ferrero et al — Clin Nutr (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2025.02.015
Gracia et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.24.18401-5
Zhang et al — Medicine (Baltimore) (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000045955
Shea et al — Am J Obstet Gynecol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2025.01.032
O'Connor et al — J Hum Nutr Diet (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.70147
Alves de Melo Silva et al — Pregnancy Hypertens (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2025.101391
Gao et al — J Health Popul Nutr (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-025-01199-1
Michelini et al — Skin Res Technol (2025). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.70171
Thornton M et al. – Calcified tissue international (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38043101/
González-Parejo P et al. – Nutrients (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39064758/
White SJ et al. – Trauma, violence & abuse (2024). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36825800/
Quist-Nelson J et al. – Pregnancy hypertension (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39018830/
Morgado A et al. – International journal of impotence research (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37697053/
Shaheen RS et al. – BMC women's health (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39054515/
Teixeira IAMA et al. – Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39013697/
D'Elia JA et al. – International journal of molecular sciences (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39337264/
Kröse JL et al. – Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38871680/
Fatima G et al. – Cureus (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39539878/
Hausenblas et al. — Sleep Med X (2024). [RCT]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleepx.2024.100121
PMC12535714 — Mechanisms review (2024). [Narrative review]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12535714/
Breus et al. — Med Res Arch (2024). [RCT (double-blind crossover)]. https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5410
Afshar Ebrahimi et al. — Front Nutr (2024). [Systematic review & MA (7 RCTs)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10783196/
Frediani JK et al. – Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37654090/
Woolhiser E et al. – JMIR dermatology (2024). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39102684/
Ekramzadeh M et al. – Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39110986/
Dowley A et al. – Methods (San Diego, Calif.) (2024). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38608850/
Pajuelo D et al. – Nutrients (2024). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39770988/
Eiser AR – The American journal of medicine (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38942346/
Luo et al — Pediatr Pulmonol (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.27234
Behers et al — Nutrients (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213617
Rizzoli et al — Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000988
Safabakhsh et al — Clin Nutr (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2024.03.030
Carron et al — Br J Anaesth (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2024.08.009
Shepherd et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004661.pub4
Kukendrarajah et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013255.pub2
Ahmed et al — Medicine (Baltimore) (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000039453
Cunha et al — Eur J Pediatr (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-024-05517-3
Philippoteaux et al — Joint Bone Spine (2024). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2024.105714
Almeida et al — Nutr Rev (2024). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuad154
Kisters et al — Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.5414/CP204677
Shahmoradi et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03744-7
Abdel Rady et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.24.17868-6
Strodl et al — Sci Rep (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-71093-z
Xin et al — J Clin Densitom (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2024.101503
Marinho et al — Res Q Exerc Sport (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2023.2293121
Senda et al — Sci Rep (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73985-6
Hassan et al — Paediatr Anaesth (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.14848
Pendón-Ruiz de Mier et al — Nefrologia (Engl Ed) (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefroe.2024.11.001
Eid et al — Pregnancy Hypertens (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2024.101112
Rouhzendeh et al — BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-024-06831-2
Ye et al — J Arthroplasty (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2024.05.019
Rud et al — Clin Nutr (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2024.05.038
Rondanelli et al — Nutrients (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091369
Pinelli et al — Int J Neurosci (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2023.2178433
Ferreira et al — Clin Nutr (2024). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2024.03.023
Wang H et al. – Journal of affective disorders (2023). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36442656/
Ren Q et al. – Biological trace element research (2023). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36790586/
Shehata MMA et al. – International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36815745/
Elenkov A et al. – Andrology (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36451611/
Kumar C et al. – Indian journal of pediatrics (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35849276/
Nuha K et al. – International journal of environmental research and public health (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37623203/
Macías Ruiz MDC et al. – Nutrients (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37049550/
Kędzierska-Kapuza K et al. – Nutrients (2023). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36839219/
Jabłońska B et al. – Nutrients (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37111210/
Li K et al. – The American journal of Chinese medicine (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37884447/
Moabedi et al. — Front Psychiatry (2023). [Systematic review & MA of RCTs]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1333261
Kurian SJ et al. – Frontiers in endocrinology (2023). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37065742/
Moabedi M et al. – Frontiers in psychiatry (2023). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38213402/
Dangi P et al. – International journal of food microbiology (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36708610/
Dall RD et al. – Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36640582/
Asbaghi O et al. — Biol Trace Elem Res (2023). [SR + meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35435574/
Khetpal et al — Aesthetic Plast Surg (2023). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-023-03298-y
Heybati et al — J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2023.03.018
Tsai et al — Am J Clin Nutr (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.03.025
Wang et al — Am J Otolaryngol (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2022.103548
Zhao et al — BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-05531-7
van Dronkelaar et al — J Am Med Dir Assoc (2023). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2023.05.017
Dominguez et al — Nutrients (2023). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061304
Alalwan et al — Ann Ig (2023). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.7416/ai.2022.2552
Belfort et al — J Nutr Sci (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2023.54
Ramezani et al — PLoS One (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277213
Banerjee et al — J Ren Nutr (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2023.01.007
Tetens et al — J Nutr (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.10.005
Son et al — Obstet Gynecol (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000005058
Kawakita et al — Am J Perinatol (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1739414
Crowther et al — JAMA (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.12357
Vongpatanasin et al — Hypertension (2023). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21932
Sarris J et al. – The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35311615/
Sullivan M et al. – The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34187284/
Chen S et al. – Frontiers in endocrinology (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35795146/
Yuan J et al. – Biological trace element research (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34775542/
Okonkwo M et al. – Obstetrics and gynecology (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35271534/
Scott G et al. – American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32828743/
Asbaghi O et al. – The British journal of nutrition (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35045911/
Kazemi A et al. – Diabetes research and clinical practice (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35963372/
Kazemi M et al. – Human reproduction update (2022). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35639552/
Kim GH – American journal of nephrology (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36450225/
Deledda A et al. – International journal of molecular sciences (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36555859/
Laflamme DP – Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36191141/
Arab et al. — Biol Trace Elem Res (2022). [Systematic review (9 studies)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35184264/
Zhang et al. — CARDIA Study (2022). [Prospective cohort (CARDIA)].
Alexander RT et al. – Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36200584/
Zhang C et al. – Nutrients (2022). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36558392/
Cheung MM et al. – Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) (2022). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35576873/
Baima G et al. – Journal of periodontal research (2022). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34837226/
von Ehrlich B et al. — Nutrition (2022). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35461025/
An et al — J Am Coll Cardiol (2022). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.048
Wang et al — BMJ Open (2022). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056680
Maeda et al — J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.68.189
Mendel et al — Curr Cardiol Rev (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573403X17666210603113430
Besora-Moreno et al — Clin Nutr (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2022.07.035
Zhang et al — Medicine (Baltimore) (2022). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000029642
Schutten et al — J Am Heart Assoc (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.121.021783
Warady et al — Clin J Am Soc Nephrol (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.02400222
Havrylov et al — Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.5114/ait.2022.123137
Matin et al — Neurol Sci (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05843-6
Córdova et al — Int J Environ Res Public Health (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105938
Chauvin et al — J Clin Immunol (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-021-01137-w
Guimerà et al — Urolithiasis (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-022-01357-8
de Sequera et al — Nefrologia (Engl Ed) (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefroe.2021.12.003
Heo et al — CNS Drugs (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-022-00912-6
Beyuo et al — Int J Gynaecol Obstet (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.14181
Chang et al — J Healthc Eng (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7217543
Tinsley et al — Nutrients (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163321
Reno et al — J Strength Cond Res (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003827
Zanforlini et al — Aging Clin Exp Res (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-021-01921-z
Zhang et al — Nutrients (2022). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173576
Fiorentini D et al. - Nutrients (2021). [Comprehensive Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33670045/
Liu J et al. – Taiwanese journal of obstetrics & gynecology (2021). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34247796/
Doggui R et al. – Nutrients (2021). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33946351/
Silva Filho SE et al. – Brazilian journal of anesthesiology (Elsevier) (2021). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34537125/
Schuetz P et al. – Swiss medical weekly (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34010429/
Costagliola G et al. – Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34371920/
Noah L et al. – Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress (2021). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33864354/
Kleczkowski LA et al. – International journal of molecular sciences (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33503839/
Igamberdiev AU et al. – The Biochemical journal (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33881486/
Mah & Pitre — BMC Complement Med Ther (2021 (updated 2024)). [Meta-analysis (3 RCTs)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8053283/
Fiorentini et al. — Nutrients (2021). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34209735/
Mah & Pitre — BMC Complement Med Ther (2021). [Systematic review & MA (3 RCTs)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33865376/
Pardo MR et al. – Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) (2021). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34111673/
Ellison DH et al. – Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34045316/
Fiorentini D et al. — Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33652833/
Guerrero-Romero F & Rodriguez-Moran M — Diabetes Metab Res Rev (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33047860/
Rosanoff A et al. — Nutr Rev (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33432356/
Barbagallo M & Dominguez LJ — Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33669227/
Rondanelli M et al. — Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34360064/
Ende et al — Obstet Gynecol (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004228
Askari et al — Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (2021). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1790498
Krittanawong et al — Am J Med (2021). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.10.035
Asbaghi et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02157-0
Ramesh et al — J Cardiol (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2021.06.001
Wallace et al — Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (2021). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1810624
Santiago et al — Nutr Rev (2021). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa145
Afitska et al — Magnes Res (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2021.0489
Schutten et al — Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.14350
Standiford et al — Am J Emerg Med (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.010
Kim et al — Adv Ther (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-021-01643-8
Barna et al — Nutr J (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-021-00747-9
Urcun et al — Heart Surg Forum (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1532/hsf.3955
Salman et al — Scand J Surg (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/1457496920962601
Shiraishi et al — Nutrients (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093272
Morishita et al — Am J Gastroenterol (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000942
Rabbani et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02548-3
Kheyruri et al — Biol Trace Elem Res (2021). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02387-2
Veronese N et al. - European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2020). [Umbrella Meta-Analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31942039/
Pickering G et al. - Nutrients (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33260549/
Garrison SR et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2020). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32956536/
Pourmotabbed A et al. – Public health nutrition (2020). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32174292/
Chang J et al. – Frontiers in medicine (2020). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32850896/
Wrzosek M et al. – Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33076711/
Cooper ID et al. – Open heart (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32938758/
Noah L et al. – Magnesium research (2020). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33210604/
Lai CY et al. – Nutrients (2020). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32635181/
Nath S – Biomolecular concepts (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32827389/
Veronese et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2020). [Meta-analysis (11 RCTs)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32665737/
Maier et al. — Nutrients (2020). [Narrative review]. General
Bordes C et al. – Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32360208/
Botturi A et al. – Nutrients (2020). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32503201/
Pagliai G et al. – Nutrients (2020). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32825400/
Uwitonze AM et al. – The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32084549/
Pickering G et al. — Nutrients (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33255735/
Veronese N et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2020). [SR + meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31853004/
Zhang X et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2020). [SR + meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31399681/
Maier JA et al. — Nutrients (2020). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32108539/
Toi et al — Nutrients (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092722
Craig et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012977.pub2
Ljungberg et al — Int J Environ Res Public Health (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051616
Hedayati et al — J Clin Lab Anal (2020). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.23551
Marques et al — High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev (2020). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40292-019-00355-z
Janjuha et al — Nutrients (2020). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051457
Martínez-Rodríguez et al — Int J Environ Res Public Health (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072227
Lee et al — BMC Anesthesiol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-020-01192-7
Vázquez-Lorente et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082283
Morato-Martínez et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082203
Zajac et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12102961
Gonzalez et al — J Strength Cond Res (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003480
Voskamp et al — Int J Sports Physiol Perform (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0177
Dragomiretska et al — Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S1121-421X.20.02601-X
Mostafa et al — Eur J Pain (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1476
Gaballah et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.19.13550-X
Griffin et al — Circulation (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.045691
Alonso et al — Nutrients (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061697
Araújo et al — PLoS One (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227497
Hassan et al — Minerva Anestesiol (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.20.14012-4
Pickering et al — Anesthesiology (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000003345
Denoble et al — Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100176
Ahmadi et al — Respir Res (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01466-1
Shepherd E et al. – PLoS medicine (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31809499/
Moslehi M et al. – Biological trace element research (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30880352/
Gröber U – International journal of molecular sciences (2019). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31035385/
Marshall NS et al. – Sleep medicine reviews (2019). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31678660/
Salminen W et al. – Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) (2019). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31652632/
Effatpanah M et al. – Psychiatry research (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30807974/
Huang YH et al. – Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry (2019). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30496768/
Uysal N et al. — Nutr Neurosci (2019). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30618020/
Earp et al — Muscle Nerve (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.26650
Matthews et al — Eur J Clin Nutr (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0350-4
Bouida et al — Acad Emerg Med (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.13522
Rizk et al — Cardiorenal Med (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1159/000500612
Ter Meulen et al — PLoS One (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225824
Sundfør et al — Eur J Clin Nutr (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0370-0
Werner et al — Magnes Res (2019). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2019.0457
Kirkland AE et al. - Nutrients (2018). [Systematic Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29673236/
Pouteau E et al. – PloS one (2018). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30562392/
Chung VCH et al. – BMJ open (2018). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29593017/
DiNicolantonio et al. — Open Heart (2018). [Comprehensive review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29387426/
Thorpe J et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2018). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29457627/
Razzaque MS — Nutrients (2018). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30587781/
Workinger JL et al. — Nutrients (2018). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30400332/
Dai Q et al. — Am J Clin Nutr (2018). [Cohort study]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30571591/
Uwitonze AM & Razzaque MS �� J Am Osteopath Assoc (2018). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29480918/
Barić et al — Adv Ther (2018). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-018-0680-6
Lehmann et al — Pharmacotherapy (2018). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.2087
van Dronkelaar et al — J Am Med Dir Assoc (2018). [Systematic Review]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.05.026
Song et al — Pain Physician (2018). [Meta-Analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29357328/
Corre et al — J Am Soc Nephrol (2018). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2017030267
Lutsey et al — Nutrients (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070884
Kruger et al — Eur J Nutr (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1544-6
Nakayama et al — Clin Exp Nephrol (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-017-1412-y
Armborst et al — Nutrients (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050551
Mohammadzadeh et al — ANZ J Surg (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/ans.14056
Warken et al — An Acad Bras Cienc (2018). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201820170524
Tarleton et al. — PLoS One (2017). [RCT (crossover)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28654669/
McCabe D et al. – JBI database of systematic reviews and implementation reports (2017). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28178022/
Boyle et al. — Nutrients (2017). [Systematic review (18 studies)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28445426/
Schwalfenberg & Genuis — Scientifica (2017). [Comprehensive review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29093983/
Wang et al — Magnes Res (2017). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2018.0430
Joris et al — Sci Rep (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00205-9
Roguin Maor et al — JAMA Intern Med (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.9261
White et al — Nutr Neurosci (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1179/1476830514Y.0000000157
Rimal et al — JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29453467/
Noronha Neto C et al — PLoS One (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168124
Fard et al — Women Health (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2016.1235074
Baaklini et al — Am J Hosp Palliat Care (2017). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909115621895
Zhang Y et al. - Nutrients (2016). [Meta-Analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27275145/
Chiu HY et al. – Pain physician (2016). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26752497/
Pattanittum P et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2016). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27000311/
Rosanoff A et al. – Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) (2016). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26773013/
Costello RB et al. — Nutr Rev (2016). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27150163/
Zheltova AA et al. — Int J Mol Sci (2016). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27338355/
Li et al — Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2016). [Meta-Analysis]. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010568.pub2
Knapen et al — Eur J Clin Nutr (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.3
Anjum et al — Arch Gynecol Obstet (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-015-3903-y
Anjum et al — Int J Gynaecol Obstet (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.06.056
Martinez et al — J Dairy Sci (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10527
Kashanian et al — J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2015.1083547
Kruger et al — Eur J Nutr (2016). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-1007-x
Gröber et al. — Nutrients (2015). [Comprehensive review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26404370/
Bahtiri E et al. – Acta reumatologica portuguesa (2015). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26922199/
Faramarzi M et al. – Human reproduction (Oxford, England) (2015). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26466913/
Pachman et al — J Clin Oncol (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.58.8533
Supakatisant et al — Matern Child Nutr (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2012.00440.x
Benzaquen et al — Vet J (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.001
Huq et al — BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0520-5
Kass et al — J Int Soc Sports Nutr (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-015-0081-z
PMS epidemiology meta-analysis (2014). [Meta-analysis (17 studies)]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3972521/
Maggio M et al. – International journal of endocrinology (2014). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24723948/
Higuera-de la Tijera F et al. – Annals of hepatology (2014). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24756009/
Wang D et al. – Expert opinion on therapeutic targets (2014). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25152202/
Noori N et al. – International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition (2013). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24491880/
Abumaria N et al. – Behavioural pharmacology (2013). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23764903/
Ghanizadeh A – Archives of Iranian medicine (2013). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23808779/
Volpe SL — Adv Nutr (2013). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23674797/
dos Santos et al — Nutr Hosp (2013). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24506401/
Abbasi et al. — Biol Trace Elem Res (2012). [RCT (double-blind)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23853635/
Zhang et al. — Eur J Clin Nutr (2012). [Meta-analysis (7 cohort studies)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22318649/
Rosanoff A et al. - Nutrition Reviews (2012). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22364157/
Garrison SR et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2012). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22972143/
Zemel MB et al. – Nutrients (2012). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22822451/
Duley L et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2010). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21069663/
Davì G et al. – Cardiovascular therapeutics (2010). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20633024/
Banjanin N & Belojevic G — Magnes Res (2010). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21199787/
Whelan AM et al. – The Canadian journal of clinical pharmacology = Journal canadien de pharmacologie clinique (2009). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19923637/
Quaranta et al. — Magnes Res (2007). [RCT (crossover)].
Proctor ML et al. – BMJ clinical evidence (2007). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19454059/
Kwan I et al. – BMJ clinical evidence (2007). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19454075/
Walker AF et al. – Magnesium research (2003). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14596323/
Morgan PJ et al. – Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC (2002). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12196860/
Durlach J et al. – Magnesium research (2002). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12030424/
Proctor ML et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2001). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11687013/
Marino MR et al. – Clinical pharmacokinetics (2001). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11523726/
Ranade VV et al. – American journal of therapeutics (2001). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11550076/
Iughetti L et al. – Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM (1999). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10854189/
Iughetti L et al. – Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM (1999). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10703531/
Walker et al. - Mg PMS fluid retention (1998). [RCT (crossover)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9861593/
Marchbanks CR – Pharmacotherapy (1993). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8474934/
Stuck AE et al. – Clinical pharmacokinetics (1992). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1551289/
Facchinetti et al. - Mg PMS mood RCT (1991). [RCT (double-blind)]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2067759/
Fontana-Klaiber H et al. – Schweizerische Rundschau fur Medizin Praxis = Revue suisse de medecine Praxis (1990). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2349410/
Davies BI et al. – Reviews of infectious diseases (1989). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2570456/
Polk RE – The American journal of medicine (1989). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2686430/
Combs DK et al. – Journal of animal science (1982). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7042673/
Doyle JJ – Journal of animal science (1980). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6995417/
Weisbrode SE et al. – The American journal of pathology (1977). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/143891/
Magnesium and depression: updated meta-analysis. [Meta-analysis]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S106345841830102X
Magnesium and type 2 diabetes: systematic review. [Meta-analysis]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5637834/
Magnesium and sleep quality: systematic review. [Systematic review]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6024559/
Magnesium supplementation for PMS symptoms. [RCT]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110863015000555
Magnesium and chronic fatigue syndrome. [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9703590/
The Benefits of Vitamin B6
Hormonal Balance
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is an essential water-soluble vitamin involved in over 100 enzyme reactions in the body. It is particularly important for protein metabolism, neurotransmitter production, immune function, and hormonal balance. B6 plays a central role in producing the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and GABA, making it key for mood and nervous system health.
Key Highlights
- Contributes to the regulation of hormonal activity (EFSA approved)
- Supports normal psychological function (EFSA approved)
- Contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system (EFSA approved)
- Supports normal energy-yielding metabolism (EFSA approved)
- Contributes to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue (EFSA approved)
- Supports normal function of the immune system (EFSA approved)
- Contributes to normal red blood cell formation (EFSA approved)
Biochemistry Timeline
B6 is water-soluble and blood levels respond quickly to supplementation, typically within 1 to 2 weeks. For PMS-related benefits, supplementation throughout the cycle (or at least during the luteal phase) for 2 to 3 cycles is typically recommended to assess effectiveness.
The European upper limit for supplemental B6 is 25 mg per day for long-term use, though short-term higher doses have been used in clinical studies. Very high doses over prolonged periods can cause nerve-related side effects, so moderate, consistent intake is preferred.
Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism
B6's involvement in over 100 enzyme reactions relates primarily to amino acid metabolism. It is essential for the transamination, decarboxylation, and deamination of amino acids, which are fundamental processes for protein utilisation in the body.
This makes B6 particularly important for those with higher protein intakes or increased metabolic demands. EFSA recognises that vitamin B6 contributes to normal protein and glycogen metabolism.
Homocysteine Metabolism
Together with folate and B12, vitamin B6 helps metabolise homocysteine, an amino acid that at elevated levels is associated with cardiovascular risk. B6 converts homocysteine via an alternative pathway (transsulfuration to cysteine), complementing the folate/B12 methylation pathway.
EFSA recognises that vitamin B6 contributes to normal homocysteine metabolism. Maintaining adequate B6, B12, and folate levels together provides comprehensive homocysteine management.
Summary
Vitamin B6 is a versatile water-soluble vitamin essential for neurotransmitter production, hormonal balance, immune function, and energy metabolism. It is particularly valued in women's health for its role in managing PMS symptoms and supporting mood through serotonin and dopamine production.
EFSA recognises B6's contribution to hormonal regulation, psychological function, nervous system health, energy metabolism, and immune function. Regular intake is important as the body does not store B6, and benefits for PMS typically require 2 to 3 cycles of consistent supplementation.
FAQs
How much vitamin B6 do I need?
The recommended daily intake for adults is 1.2-1.4 mg. For PMS support, research has used 50-100 mg/day. The European upper limit for long-term use is 25 mg/day. Higher therapeutic doses should be used under guidance.
Can B6 help with morning sickness?
Vitamin B6 has been studied for pregnancy-related nausea and is considered safe during pregnancy. Some healthcare providers recommend it as a first-line approach for mild morning sickness. Consult your healthcare provider for appropriate dosing.
Are there side effects from too much B6?
Very high doses (above 200 mg/day) taken for extended periods can cause peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage causing numbness and tingling). This is reversible upon stopping. Moderate supplementation within guidelines is safe.
Is B6 safe during pregnancy?
Yes, B6 is important during pregnancy. It supports fetal brain development and may help with nausea. Follow your healthcare provider's guidance on dosage.
Research
Liu X et al. – The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease (2026). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41764841/
Althubity AA – Molecular medicine reports (2026). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41235668/
Alvarez M et al. – Current nutrition reports (2026). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41609902/
Tariq L et al. – Physiologia plantarum (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40671330/
Qin Y et al. – Frontiers in endocrinology (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41127511/
Banan Khojasteh MH et al. – Critical reviews in food science and nutrition (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39115011/
Banihani SA – The world journal of men's health (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40583024/
Chang J et al. – European journal of nutrition (2024). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38300291/
Giuca MR – European journal of paediatric dentistry (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39212455/
Xu Q et al. – Zhonghua wei zhong bing ji jiu yi xue (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39697032/
Jayawardena R et al. – Archives of gynecology and obstetrics (2023). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36719452/
Muhamad R et al. – Nutrients (2023). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37447150/
C Curtin A et al. – Journal of dietary supplements (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35109763/
Godfrey KM et al. – PLoS medicine (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38051700/
Hersant H et al. – CNS drugs (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37603263/
Choi SW et al. – Nutrition research and practice (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37529262/
Munteanu C et al. – Nutrients (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38201854/
Field DT et al. – Human psychopharmacology (2022). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35851507/
Ettinger S – Current nutrition reports (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36018501/
Bossard V et al. – Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35810581/
Stach K et al. – Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34579110/
Behrens A et al. – Systematic reviews (2020). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32414424/
Khorasani F et al. – Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (2020). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31215276/
Reininghaus EZ et al. – Nutrients (2020). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33171595/
Retallick-Brown et al — J Altern Complement Med (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2019.0305
Wallace TC et al. – Journal of nutrition in gerontology and geriatrics (2019). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31502930/
Wilson MP et al. – Journal of inherited metabolic disease (2019). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30671974/
Boelig RC et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2016). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27168518/
McParlin C et al. – JAMA (2016). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27701665/
O'Donnell A et al. – Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) (2016). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27731292/
El-Lithy et al — J Obstet Gynaecol (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2014.960823
Jewell D et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2010). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20824826/
Piazzini DB et al. – Clinical rehabilitation (2007). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17613571/
Goodyear-Smith F et al. – Annals of family medicine (2004). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15209206/
O'Connor D et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2003). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12535461/
Jewell D et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2003). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14583914/
De Souza MC et al. – Journal of women's health & gender-based medicine (2000). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10746516/
Macdougall M – The Western journal of medicine (2000). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10778376/
Kleijnen J et al. – Biological psychiatry (1991). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1828703/
Vitamin B6 and serotonin synthesis in depression. [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17187801/
Vitamin B6 for PMS: double-blind crossover trial. [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3299182/
Vitamin B6 and homocysteine metabolism. [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18838531/
Pyridoxine supplementation for carpal tunnel syndrome. [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15964874/
Vitamin B6 status and associations with mood disorders. [Review]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6930825/
Vitamin B6 in neurodegenerative diseases. [Review]. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/lddd/2019/00000016/00000007/art00010
Vitamin B6 supplementation and PMS symptoms. [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17541043/
Pyridoxine for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27593095/
Vitamin B6 in inflammation and immune function. [Review]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0098299716300395
Vitamin B6 and chronic diseases: epidemiological review. [Review]. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/1/236
49 studies — Vitamin B6
Liu X et al. – The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease (2026). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41764841/
Althubity AA – Molecular medicine reports (2026). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41235668/
Alvarez M et al. – Current nutrition reports (2026). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41609902/
Tariq L et al. – Physiologia plantarum (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40671330/
Qin Y et al. – Frontiers in endocrinology (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41127511/
Banan Khojasteh MH et al. – Critical reviews in food science and nutrition (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39115011/
Banihani SA – The world journal of men's health (2025). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40583024/
Chang J et al. – European journal of nutrition (2024). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38300291/
Giuca MR – European journal of paediatric dentistry (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39212455/
Xu Q et al. – Zhonghua wei zhong bing ji jiu yi xue (2024). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39697032/
Jayawardena R et al. – Archives of gynecology and obstetrics (2023). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36719452/
Muhamad R et al. – Nutrients (2023). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37447150/
C Curtin A et al. – Journal of dietary supplements (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35109763/
Godfrey KM et al. – PLoS medicine (2023). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38051700/
Hersant H et al. – CNS drugs (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37603263/
Choi SW et al. – Nutrition research and practice (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37529262/
Munteanu C et al. – Nutrients (2023). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38201854/
Field DT et al. – Human psychopharmacology (2022). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35851507/
Ettinger S – Current nutrition reports (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36018501/
Bossard V et al. – Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) (2022). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35810581/
Stach K et al. – Nutrients (2021). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34579110/
Behrens A et al. – Systematic reviews (2020). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32414424/
Khorasani F et al. – Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (2020). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31215276/
Reininghaus EZ et al. – Nutrients (2020). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33171595/
Retallick-Brown et al — J Altern Complement Med (2020). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2019.0305
Wallace TC et al. – Journal of nutrition in gerontology and geriatrics (2019). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31502930/
Wilson MP et al. – Journal of inherited metabolic disease (2019). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30671974/
Boelig RC et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2016). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27168518/
McParlin C et al. – JAMA (2016). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27701665/
O'Donnell A et al. – Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) (2016). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27731292/
El-Lithy et al — J Obstet Gynaecol (2015). [Randomized Controlled Trial]. https://doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2014.960823
Jewell D et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2010). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20824826/
Piazzini DB et al. – Clinical rehabilitation (2007). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17613571/
Goodyear-Smith F et al. – Annals of family medicine (2004). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15209206/
O'Connor D et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2003). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12535461/
Jewell D et al. – The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2003). [Systematic review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14583914/
De Souza MC et al. – Journal of women's health & gender-based medicine (2000). [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10746516/
Macdougall M – The Western journal of medicine (2000). [Meta-analysis]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10778376/
Kleijnen J et al. – Biological psychiatry (1991). [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1828703/
Vitamin B6 and serotonin synthesis in depression. [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17187801/
Vitamin B6 for PMS: double-blind crossover trial. [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3299182/
Vitamin B6 and homocysteine metabolism. [Review]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18838531/
Pyridoxine supplementation for carpal tunnel syndrome. [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15964874/
Vitamin B6 status and associations with mood disorders. [Review]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6930825/
Vitamin B6 in neurodegenerative diseases. [Review]. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/lddd/2019/00000016/00000007/art00010
Vitamin B6 supplementation and PMS symptoms. [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17541043/
Pyridoxine for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. [RCT]. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27593095/
Vitamin B6 in inflammation and immune function. [Review]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0098299716300395
Vitamin B6 and chronic diseases: epidemiological review. [Review]. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/1/236
Sustainably delivered and refilled, monthly.
Personalized Plan
-
Pouches OnlyNo new tube each time -
Fully CompostableBreaks down completely
-
All PaperNothing to sort
Glass Bottles
-
Refill BagsFits into your day
-
Less PackagingLighter every reorder
-
Glass Built to LastReuse for years
Try it for 90 days completely risk-free.
Formulated without gluten, dairy, corn and common allergens.
Manufactured to the highest standards with GMP, ISO22000, HACCP.
Continuously tested and approved by Fødevarestyrelsen.
Questions?
We're here to help.
Magnesium contributes to normal muscle function, normal psychological function, and the reduction of tiredness and fatigue. It also supports the normal functioning of the nervous system, normal energy-yielding metabolism, and the maintenance of normal bones and teeth. Vitamin B6 likewise contributes to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue, normal energy metabolism, and the normal function of both the nervous system and psychological processes. Together, magnesium and Vitamin B6 provide steady, daily nutritional support for both body and mind.
If you are unsure, try our free online health assessment by clicking "Take Test Now" at the top of the page. It takes just a few minutes and gives personalised suggestions, no subscription needed.
You can take it at any time of day with food and water. Some people prefer the evening, as magnesium supports normal muscle function and relaxation.
Yes, magnesium pairs well with most supplements. It can complement vitamin D, calcium, and B vitamins particularly well. If you are unsure, try our free health assessment by clicking "Take Test Now" at the top of the page.
We recommend taking it with food and water for comfort. Magnesium bisglycinate is one of the gentler forms on the stomach, but food still helps.
This product is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Nutrient needs during these times are specific, so we suggest speaking to your healthcare provider for personalised guidance and products made for pregnancy.
Yes, magnesium is safe for long-term daily use when taken as directed. Many people benefit from ongoing supplementation as magnesium is used throughout the body.
This product is generally well tolerated. In some cases, magnesium may cause loose stools, particularly at higher doses. Starting with a lower dose and building up can help.
If you are taking medication, particularly antibiotics or bisphosphonates, speak to your doctor before use. Magnesium can affect the absorption of certain medications.
Magnesium is found in foods like leafy greens, nuts, seeds, and legumes. However, many people do not get enough through their diet, and magnesium levels in soils vary. Supplementation provides a steady and reliable intake, especially in forms like bisglycinate and malate, which are known for their gentle absorption.
Many people notice improvements in muscle comfort, energy, and sleep quality within two to four weeks of consistent use. Individual results depend on your baseline levels.
Follow the recommended dose on the label. You can take your capsules together or spread them across the day, whichever suits your routine.
Simply continue with your usual routine the next day. There is no need to double up.
This supplement is designed for adults and is not suitable for children. Older adults may benefit, but should consult a healthcare provider first.
This product does not intentionally contain common allergens. However, it is produced in a facility that also handles allergy-related materials, so trace cross-contamination is possible. If you have severe allergies, please review the ingredient list carefully.
Manufactured in the UK under strict GMP standards, then handled and packed in Denmark with full traceability. Each batch undergoes rigorous quality and safety checks.
Yes. The capsule shell is made from plant-based hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and all ingredients are suitable for vegans and vegetarians.
Every 30 days we prepare a fresh delivery of your personalized supplements. Your first order arrives in a reusable dispenser box, and every refill after that comes in a biodegradable pouch that slots straight into your dispenser. There's no lock-in, so you can pause, skip, or cancel anytime from your account.
Subscribers save 16% on every delivery, applied automatically. No setup fees, no hidden charges. The discount stays the same as long as your subscription is active.
Yes. You can pause, skip, or cancel anytime from your account dashboard with no minimum commitment and no cancellation fee. If you pause or skip, your next delivery simply waits until you're ready to resume.
Your payment method is charged 3 to 5 days before your next scheduled dispatch date, so your shipment arrives before your current supply runs out. You can view the exact date anytime by logging into your account.
Your first order includes the reusable dispenser box plus your personalized daily supplement pouches. Every refill after that comes in biodegradable pouches that slot straight into your existing dispenser, so you're only replacing what needs replacing.
Our free 3-minute health quiz asks about your body, lifestyle, diet, goals, and any health concerns. The algorithm then matches you to the nutrients your body is most likely to need, drawing on peer-reviewed research and EFSA-approved evidence. No guesswork, no one-size-fits-all.
Yes. You can retake the quiz anytime to refresh your recommendation, or add, swap, or remove individual supplements from your account dashboard. Your plan evolves with you.
Our supplements are formulated to EU safety standards and produced in certified facilities. The quiz screens for interactions with anything you're already taking and flags potential conflicts. For specific medical conditions or prescription drugs, we always recommend checking with your doctor before starting.
Orders are dispatched within 1 to 3 business days of payment. Delivery typically takes another 2 to 10 business days depending on your location and chosen carrier. Once your order ships, you'll receive a tracking link by email so you can follow it the whole way.
We currently ship to Denmark, Scandinavia, and select European countries. Available delivery areas are shown at checkout. If your country isn't listed, email support@persona-path.com and we'll see what's possible.
First-time customers are covered by our 30-day money-back guarantee. If you're not fully satisfied with your first purchase, email support@persona-path.com within 30 days and we'll refund you in full. You don't need to return the supplements, and refunds are processed to your original payment method within 5 business days of approval.
Yes. In addition to our 30-day guarantee, EU law gives you a 14-day right of withdrawal from the day you receive your order. Email support@persona-path.com within 14 days and we'll refund the full purchase price, including standard delivery, within 14 days of your request.
Email support@persona-path.com within 7 days with your order number and a photo of the issue. We'll arrange a free replacement or issue a full refund for the affected product. We cover all costs in these cases.
Yes. Your quiz answers are processed under GDPR with your explicit consent and used only to generate your personalized plan. We never sell your data or share it with advertising platforms. You can request deletion at any time. Full details in our privacy policy.
Our quiz screens for pregnancy, breastfeeding, and major health conditions, and the algorithm adjusts your recommendations accordingly. We're not a substitute for medical advice, so please check with your doctor before starting any new supplement if you're pregnant, breastfeeding, or managing a health condition.
